Download Unit 8 Ch. 25 WKSH Notes

CHAPTER 25 WORKSHEET and RELIGIOUS NOTES
Name ___________________________________
Sequence ________
Section 1
2.5 / answer
In about 2500 B.C. the Indian civilization began in the 1. ____________ Valley. A light skinned people from
Iran called 2. ______________ played a key role in the development of Indian civilization. They pushed
darker-skinned, native Indians, called 3. ________________ toward the south. Indian empires eventually
emerged on the lower Ganges, one began in 321 B.C., the 4. ______________ Empire which united most of
India under their leader Asoka who spread Buddhism in Asia. Later the Gupta Empire came to power.
By the early A.D. 1500’s, Muslims had established the 5. ______________ Empire throughout much of India
with new customs that often conflicted with native Hindus. In the 6. __________ , European traders came to
India looking for goods not available in Europe. The British Indian Company, in 1757 gained control over India’s
trade with Europe.
In 1857, the British government put down a revolt and ruled over India for almost 90 years, called - 7. _______.
The Indian leader, 8. Mohandas ___________________ , began an opposition movement against Britain
based on nonviolent resistance. In 1947, India which was mainly Hindu became independent but the
9. _____________
of West and East Pakistan chose to separate from India - the division created violence.
Under Prime Minister, 10. _____________________________ , India adopted a constitution, making the new
country a democratic republic. With a population of more than one billion, India is presently the world’s largest
11.
______________________. Many different ethnic, cultural, and religious factors influence Indian politics like
the Hindu majority and the Muslim minority. The Sikhs and Tamils assassinated 12. _____ Prime Ministers but
Indian democracy has survived.
(how many)
India has one of the world’s largest economies but about 1/2 of the people live in poverty so a great challenge
for India is to promote economic growth and raise the standards of living. One solution is land reform, to
distribute the land more fairly. But the 13. ___________ Revolution has improved agricultural yields by
developing higher-yielding grain varieties and using new farming techniques. Agriculture industries are
important especially cotton textiles. Also, iron & steel, machinery, 14. _______________ , and food products.
15.
_______________________ is the most prosperous city and leading commercial center. Bangalore is
India’s high-tech center. The Caste System or social class system is one of the cornerstones of Hinduism
which has dominated the lives of most Indians.
Section 2
Around 2500, the world’s first large civilization, the Indus Valley civilization, began in what is now the country
of 16 . ___________________ . It fell around 1500 B.C., then was ruled by Aryan, Mauryan, Gupta, Mughal,
and British empires. The end of British rule in 1947 brought the partition of India and the creation of the new
Muslim country of West & East Pakistan. In 1971, E. Pakistan won its independence as 17. _______________.
Pakistan and India have had wars over the territory of 18. _______________ . Both Bangladesh and Pakistan
had women Prime Ministers, a rarity in the Muslim world. Both countries depend primarily on agriculture. The
most productive farming areas of Pakistan are the irrigated portions of the 19. _______ Valley. The moist lands
of Bangladesh are ideal for the cultivation of rice,(country’s principal food crop) while the main export is 20. _______.
An economic development in Pakistan and Bangladesh has been the creation of 21. __________________
which gives small loans to poor entrepreneurs who start a business. The main religion for these two countries
is Islam which observes the month-long 22. ___________________ but Pakistanis are stricter and follow the
custom of 23. __________. Arranged marriages are common. Poetry is important in Pakistan & Bangladesh as
oral literature is strong. Poet readings called 24. _______________ can draw thousand of people, like a rock
concert. The Bangladesh poet, 25. Rabindranath ______________ won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913.
Section 3
The main geographic feature of Nepal and Bhutan is their 26. ___________________ landscape located in the
Himalayas. 27. ______________ controlled Bhutan briefly in the 18th century while in the 19th century Britain
had influence over Bhutan and Nepal. Because of their location Bhutan and Nepal remained isolated and
independent. Hindu kings ruled in Nepal, while Buddhist priests controlled Bhutan. But today the governments
of both Nepal and Bhutan are 28. ____________________ ___________________ .
These two countries are poor but the timber industry is important. One of the fastest growing industries in
Nepal is tourism but in Bhutan this industry is more regulated and allows only limited visitors. The Tibetan
ancestry of 29. ________________ are the traditional mountain guides of the Everest region. The founder of
Buddhism, 30. Siddhartha ______________ known as the Buddha, was born in the 6th century B.C. in Nepal.
Buddhism is the official religion of Bhutan which uses mandalas for meditation. Bhutan is famous for its
31.
_______________ competition.
Section 4
In the 6th century B.C., Indo-Aryans crossed the narrow strait separating India from Sri Lanka and these
people became known as the 32. ________________ creating an advanced civilization adopting Buddhism. In
the 4th century A.D., the Dravidian Hindus from southern India arrived who were called the 33. ___________ .
Europeans began to colonize Sir Lanka in the 1500’s. First were the 34. __________________ followed by
the Dutch and then the British who took control of the island calling it Ceylon. In 1948 Ceylon became
independent and later changed its name to 35. ________________________ .
After independence, tensions between the Tamils (minority of 18%) and Sinhalese (majority of 75%) caused a
36.
__________ __________ to break out and continues to disrupt Sri Lankan life.
Buddhists and Hindus from Sri Lanka and India settled the Maldives around the 6th century B.C. and by the
12th century, the population had converted to 37. ____________ . Six dynasties or 38. ___________ governed
the Maldives until 1968 when the Maldives declared itself a republic.
Sri Lanka is diverse. The national dance, 39. ______________ (dancing), tells the stories of local kings and
heroes performed at Buddhist festivals. Islam is the state religion in the Maldives and no other religions are
allowed. One highlight of Maldivian culture is the 40. ________ _________ , a popular tradition of music and
dance.
Sri Lanka’s economy is based on agriculture - mainly rice farming but it is one of the world’s leading
41.
_______ producing countries too. It is also famous for its gemstones like rubies, sapphires and topaz. The
Maldives fishing which provides 1/4 of the jobs but 42. ________________ has become the most important
aspect of the Maldives economy.
The Buddha - son of King Suddhodana, Gautama was born around 563 B . C . According to legend, his
mother, Queen Maya, had a dream in which she was expecting a child fathered by a white elephant. Local
brahmins, or holy men, interpreted the dream to mean that the queen would give birth to a great man. They
said that the child would become a powerful king unless he became aware of human suffering in the world. If
that happened, he would become a great holy man and savior. Mindful of the prophecy about his son, King
Suddhodana did everything possible to shield the boy from knowledge of the outside world and human
suffering. He built a palace in which his son could enjoy all of life's pleasures, and he forbade any mention of
death, grief, or sickness.
One day Gautama expressed a wish to see the world outside the palace. Suddhodana agreed to take his son
to a nearby town, but first he had the town cleaned up and ordered that everything unpleasant be removed.
During the visit, however, Gautama saw a sick man, an old man, a beggar, and a corpse. Shocked to discover
that people lived in poverty, became sick, grew old, and died, the prince realized that he knew nothing about
the real world. Determined to learn the truth about the world, Gautama gave up all his possessions and left his
home. He became a beggar and sought truth and understanding by denying himself all pleasures.
After six years of wandering and seeking wisdom from holy men, Gautama realized that he was no nearer truth
and understanding than before. He decided to look for the truth within himself and went to the town of Bodh
Gaya to sit beneath the Bodhi tree and meditate. After five weeks of meditation, Gautama came to understand
that the only way to avoid suffering was to free oneself from all desires. At the moment of this revelation,
Siddhartha Gautama became the Bud-the "enlightened one" who is free from suffering. He then began to travel
and teach others how to achieve enlightenment. Buddha gained many followers before his death around 480
B.C. After the death of Buddha, his followers carried Buddhist teachings throughout Asia.
Buddhism teaches that all humans experience many lives and are constantly reincarnated—reborn after death
into a different form of existence. The form each person takes in a new life depends on karma, which is the
total of one's good and bad deeds in previous lives. The goal of Buddhism is to escape this cycle of death and
rebirth by achieving enlightenment. When that happens, a person enters a timeless state known as nirvana
and is free of all desire.
Google / http://www.mythencyclopedia.com/Be-Ca/Buddhism-and-Mythology.html?
BuddhaNet Basic Buddhism Guide
http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/5minbud.htm
What did the Buddha Teach? The Buddha taught many things, but the basic concepts in Buddhism can be summed
up by the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path. Buddhism does not believe in the existence of a God who
created the universe. The 3 Jewels/Refuges are the Buddha, Sangha (monasteries), and Dharma (truth or teachings).
What are the 5 Precepts?
1. To avoid killing or harming any living being.
2. To avoid taking that which has not been given.
3. To avoid committing sexual misconduct.
4. To avoid using false words.
5. To avoid taking alcohol and other intoxicants.
What is Karma? Karma is the law that every cause has an effect - our actions have results. This simple law explains a
number of things: inequality in the world, why some are born handicapped and some gifted, why some live only a short
life. Karma underlines the importance of all individuals being responsible for their past and present actions.
What are the Scriptures? No one holy book. In Theravada Buddhism, there are three groups of writings containing
the Buddha’s teachings, known as the “Three Baskets” (Tipitaka).
Buddhist Holidays: Buddha Day, Khao Phansaa, Buddha’s First Sermon, Dharma Day
HINDUISM - is the major religion of India, practiced by more than 80% of the population. In contrast to other
religions, it has no founder. For hundreds of years, many people have searched for some evidence of the
founder of Hinduism. The religion, which is open to interpretation, is a collection of paths to wisdom that is
based on human reasoning rather than a divine authority and a finger cannot be pointed at a specific founder.
Believed by many to be a polytheistic religion, the basis of Hinduism is the belief in the unity of everything.
Hinduism is the world's oldest religion, with a billion followers, which makes it the world's third largest religion.
Hinduism is a mix of religious, philosophical, and cultural ideas and practices that originated in India,
characterized by the belief in reincarnation, one absolute being of multiple manifestations, the law of cause and
effect, following the path of righteousness, and the desire for liberation from the cycle of births and deaths.
Vegetarianism is associated with Hinduism.
How is Hinduism unique from other religions? Hinduism cannot be neatly slotted into any particular belief
system. Unlike other religions, Hinduism is a way of life, a Dharma, that is, the law that governs all action. It
has its own beliefs, traditions, advanced system of ethics, meaningful rituals, philosophy and theology.
How and when did Hinduism originate? Hinduism has its origins in such remote past that it cannot be
traced to any one individual. Some scholars believe that Hinduism must have existed even in circa 10000 B.C.
and that the earliest of the Hindu scriptures – The Rig Veda – was composed well before 6500 B.C. The word
"Hinduism" is not to be found anywhere in the scriptures, and the term "Hindu" was introduced by foreigners.
Basic tenets of Hinduism - There is no “one Hinduism”, and so it lacks any unified system of beliefs and
ideas. Hinduism is a mix of diverse beliefs and traditions, in which the prominent themes include:
Dharma (ethics and duties)
Samsara (rebirth)
Karma (right action)
Moksha (liberation from the cycle of Samsara)
(Believes in truth, honesty, non-violence, celibacy, cleanliness, contentment, prayers, austerity, perseverance, penance,
and pious company.)
Hindu scriptures - The basic scriptures of Hinduism, which is collectively referred to as "Shastras", are
essentially a collection of spiritual laws discovered by different saints and sages at different points in its long
history. The Two types of sacred writings comprise the Hindu scriptures: "Shruti" (heard) and
"Smriti" (memorized). They were passed on from generation to generation orally for centuries before written
down mostly in the Sanskrit language. The major and most popular Hindu texts include the Bhagavad Gita, the
Upanishads, and the epics of Ramayana and Mahabharata.
Hindu deities - Hinduism believes that there is only one supreme Absolute called "Brahman". However, it
does not advocate the worship of any one particular deity. The gods and goddesses of Hinduism amount to
thousands or even millions, all representing the many aspects of Brahman. The most fundamental of Hindu
deities is the Trinity of Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva - creator, preserver and destroyer respectively. Hindus also
worship spirits, trees, animals and even planets.
4 hereditary classes - (Orthodox Hindu): (1) Brahmin (priestly and learned class) (2) Kshatriya (military,
professional, ruling, and governing occupations) (3) the Vaishya (landowners, merchants, and business occupations)
(4) the Sudra (artisans, laborers, and peasants). Below the Sudra was Untouchables (lowest occupations and no
social standing). The Indian government banned discrimination against the Untouchables in the constitution of
India in 1950.
Festivals:
Holi - festival of colors / spring, Mahashivaratri - night sacred to Shiva, Rama Navami - birthday of Lord Rama, Krishna
Jayanti - birthday of Lord Krishna, Kumbh Mela - pilgrimage every 12 years to four cities in India, Navaratri - festival of
Shakti (in Bengal), Diwali - festival of lights and Laksmi
http://hinduism.about.com/od/basics/p/hinduismbasics.htm
http://www.religionfacts.com/hinduism/holidays.htm