Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Functions of cardiorespiratory system * Make sure you have saved last week’s work as the Unit 2: Functional Anatomy: Respiratory System •Ensures blood flow through the heart, body and lungs. • Supplies oxygenated blood to body tissues. • Takes up’ oxygen into the body, in order to produce energy. • Unloads’ carbon dioxide, a waste product of respiration from the body. © Pearson Education Ltd 2013. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. pharynx larynx bronchus Pleural membrane © Pearson Education Ltd 2013. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. Mechanisms of breathing Create a table and describe how the ribs and diaphragm work during inspiration and expiration. Find an image from the internet that best describes this process © Pearson Education Ltd 2013. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. Gaseous Exchange • • • • • • Read p51. Find a good definition of gaseous exchange and reference it. How does this happen and where does this take place in the lungs? What percentage of oxygen is in the air we breathe in? How much do we use? Is there more oxygen or Carbon Dioxide in exhaled air? What are the percentages? • What is the respiratory membrane and why is this important? © Pearson Education Ltd 2013. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. Lung Volumes: • Respiratory Rate: ‘Amount of air breathed in, in 1 minute’ 12 on average. • Tidal Volume: ‘Volume of air breathed in and out in one breath’ norm. 500ml • Minute Volume: ‘Amount of air passing through the lungs each minute’ • Residual Volume: ‘Air remaining in the air after maximal exhalation’ 1200ml on average. • Vital capacity: ‘Maximum amount of air forced out the lungs after maximal inspiration’ upto 4800ml • Inspiratory reserve volume: Maximum amount of additional air you can bring in above normal Tidal Volume. Expiratory reserve volume: ‘Maximum amount of air that can be breathed out above normal expiration’ upto 1500ml • Total Lung Volume ‘Total lung capacity after maximum inhalation’ average male = 6000ml Lung Volumes: Copy the graph and describe all the terms on p52. Control of Breathing – p53 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. How is breathing an active process? What relaxes to allow air to exit the lungs? Describe how breathing is controlled by the brain. What is the Medulla Oblongata? What sensors respond to chemical fluctuations of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the atmosphere? 6. What is the role of chemoreceptors during exercise? 7. What are the Aortic Arch and Carotid Arteries and what is their role when controlling breathing? Control of Breathing – p53 The VRG is responsible for motor control of inspiratory and expiratory muscles during exercise ( external and internal intercostald Dorsal Respiratory Group Sets the basic respiratory rate. Stimulates the inspiratory muscles to contract (diaphragm). What 2 neurones control respiration? What is different about their functions? Anatomy of Bone Periosteum – Outer layer Bone minerals – Calcium and phosphorus create new bone and reabsorb bone tissue Bone Marrow – soft and spongy. Yellow in middle ( fats, cartilage ). Red at the ends ( Blood cells ). Epiphysis – Rounded end of bone ( articulates ) Diaphysis – Central shaft. Growth Plate – Epiphyseal line. Only area where bone grows ( adolescents ) Cancellous bone – in ends, honeycomb, allows marrow to form. Compact bone – hard tissue. Articular cartilage – allows free movement. Medullar Cavity – space in the middle where marrow is stored. Blood vessel – provides blood supply. Terms that describe bone anatomy • Fossa - depression on the surface of the bone • Process – general term for any prominence • Tuberosity – bony prominence. notch fossa process • Notch – indentation on the edge of a bone Terms that describe bone anatomy condyle • Mandible condyle ( large rounded prominences ) articulates with temporal fossa ( shallow depressions ). fossa • Border – main portion of the bone / edges. Anatomy of Bone FOSSA CONDYLE Create a poster, similar to this, describing each term and examples on the skeleton NOTCH BORDER TUBEROSITY PROCESS Ossification: Read p55 1. What is Ossification? 2. What is the difference between remodelling and bone growth? 3. What is the function of Osteoclasts? 4. What 2 ways does exercise effect bone growth? Give sporting examples? 5. What is the function of Osteoblasts? 6. What are the growing areas of bone called and how long do they work for? 7. What happens at this site once the bone is fully formed? 8. Explain the importance of Calcium and Vitamin D in bone growth and give example sources. Skeleton Sesamoid – found within a tendon. Eg? Areas of the Skeleton: Information page • Read p58 – 60 and create an information page on the following - Axial Skeleton Function and - Appendicular Skeleton different areas - Different areas of the vertebral column and their function. - Function of the Skeletal System. *Use diagrams and images and research from the internet to help. Ligaments and Joints 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What are ligaments? What are their functions ( name 3 )? What is hyper-extension / hyper-flexion? Define a joint. Describe the Structure and function of a fixed, cartilaginous and Synovial Joint with supporting examples. Synovial joint structure © Pearson Education Ltd 2013. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. Types of Synovial Joint Type Description and example Structure of the respiratory system: Complete the table: Structure Function Pleural membrane Reduces friction between the ribs and the lungs Nasal Cavity Draws in the majority of air and conditions it Cilia Tiny hairs in the nose that filter out dust particles Mucus Slippery secretion that moistens the air Cartilage in Trachea Prevents the trachea collapsing due to the pressure of air entering and leaving Diaphragm Separates the lungs from the abdomen and is a sheet of muscle used during breathing Bronchi Send the air into the right and left lung © Pearson Education Ltd 2013. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. Starter….. 2 lists • Name as many muscles as you can remember… • Name as many bones as you can remember WHO CAN GET THE MOST!? © Pearson Education Ltd 2013. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. Unit 2: Anatomy and Physiology • Improve understanding of the structure and function of the respiratory system. • Know the mechanics of breathing and gaseous exchange. © Pearson Education Ltd 2013. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only.