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Grammar
Present simple tense:
Uses :
1- talk about things in general.
2- To say how often we do things.
3-Something is true.
4-Something happens all the time or repeatedly.
5- When we talk about timetable ,programs,... E.T.C.
Construction:
(He-She-It)
Verb+S
(I-We-You-They)
Verb
Words:
Usually-Often-Always-Sometimes-Every-Ever-Never
We use Do/Does to make a Question and negative sentence.
‫أفعال تستخدم مع المضارع البسيط و غالبا ال تستخدم مع المستقبل المستمر‬
Hate-Mean-Relaise-– Understand-Hear-See-Smell-Taste-Like-Love-Know-Prefer-Need-Want
Suppose-Believe-Remember-Belong-Contain-Consist-Depend-Seem
Past simple tense:
Uses :
1-Past habit
2-Past time
3-Suppose
4- The action is finished
5-One thing happen after another
Construction :
‫التصريف الثاني للفعل‬
Words :
Last-Ago-Yesterday-Once-In the past
Present continuous tense :
Uses :
1-The action is not finished ,the action is happening now.
2-We used it when we talk about things happening in a period around now.
The action is not finished.
Construction :
(Am-Is-Are) + Verb + Ing
Words :
Today -This week -This evening -Look - Listen - Now
* Use ... I am doing = Means you have already arranged to do .
Past continuous tense :
Uses :
1- Somebody was in the middle of doing something at a certain time.
2-The action started before this time but the action had not finished .
Construction :
( I - He - She - It ) + Was +Ing
( You - We - They ) + Were + Ing
Words :
As - While
AS / While
Past continuos
Past Simple
I start doing
Past
Future simple tense :
Construction :
Words :
Future perfect tense :
Uses :
Construction :
before–Words :
I was doing
I finished doing
Past
Now
Will + Inf.
Tomorrow - Next - In the future
To say that something will already be completed.
Will + Have + P.P
By the time - By then – Tomorrow - when
Will + Have (As soon as - After - Before - When - Till - Until - The moment )
Has
taken
‫ يتم استخدام هذاا الذنمن مذع الحذدث اوول الحذدث اوول ينذفي فذي‬/ ‫يستخدم ليعبر عن حدث سيتم و ينتهي قبل حدث أخر في المستقبل‬
) ‫ أما الحدث اوخر فينفي في زمن المضارع ويسبق الجنء الثاني بإحدى كلمات هاا النمن‬Future perfect tense ‫زمن‬
Now
Event (1)
Will have left
Evevnt (2)
arrives
Future
Ex . they will have left before he arrives .
Future perfect progressive tense :
Construction :
will + have + been + verb + ing.
‫) ولننه يقفم بالتاكيد علي الفترة النمنية التي يتم فيها الحدث‬future perfect ‫مثل‬
Present Perfect tense:
Uses : 1-When we talk about a period of time ( from past to now ).
2-Give new information or to announce ancient happening.
3-The action in the past but has a result now .
4- First time to do something .
I have done (period until now)
Past
Now
Construction :
( He - She - It ) + Has + P. P.
( I - We - You - They ) +Have + P. P.
Words :
Just = Short time ago - Recently - Never - Since - For - Ever - In the last few days Today
This morning - This evening - Already = action happening sooner than expect
Yet = Until now ( use in question ).
Since
Past present
present perfect
‫ ال يستخدم مع حدثين بدأ في نفس التفقيت و لنن يستخدم مع حدثين أحدهما تم وانتهي و الحدث اوخر لم يبدأ بعد أو بدأ بعد أنتها‬
. ‫الحدث اوول و لم ينتهي بعد‬
Past perfect tense :
Uses : 1- Talk about something that happened in the past.
2- Talk about something that happened before this time.
I have done Past
Now
Construction :
( I - He - She - It -You - We - They ) + Had + P. P.
Words :
After -Before - As soon as - Until - When - No sooner
( Before - By the time )
Past simple
Past perfect
(After-As soon as -No sooner - Until)
Past perfect
Past simple
Past perfect continuous:
Uses:
Something had been happening for a period of time before something else happened.
Construction :
Sub. + Had + Been + Verb + Ing
I Have Been Doing
I Had Been Doing
Now
Past
Now
Present perfect continuous :
Uses:
1-Used for an activity just stopped.
2-When we use (how long ,for , since) means the action is still happening or has just
stopped.
3-The action started in the past and still happening or has just stopped.
Construction:
( He - She - It ) + Has + Been +Verb +ing
( I - We - You - They ) +Have +Been + Verb +Ing
I am doing
I have been doing
‫ الحدث ما زال مستمر‬Now
‫الحدث أنتهي قبل النالم مباشرة‬
Now
‫الحظ أي الحدث استمر من الماضي و حتى قبل هاا التفقيت و هف حدث أخر من هاا النفع‬
Modals
1- Can = Be able to ( Can not = Be not able to ) … Express Ability
Ex. Can Howard repair cars ? yes , he can fix cars as well as trucks .
2- Can , May ( Formal than can ) … used to give an request permission .
Can I , May I (Formal than Can I ) … both used to request permission .
3– Could , would , will … used to make polite request
( Could .. has slight meaning of possibility )
4- May , Might ( maybe , perhaps ) Both express possibility , May express more certainty than might .
5- Should , Had better , Ought to : used to give advice , recommend OR remind someone of something
important . For ( -ve ) and ( ? ) we used should and had better
6- Should , Ought to : Used to express expectation .
7- Must = Have to = Has to : Used to express necessity ( Must stronger than have to , has to )
8- Must not : something is not allowed or against the law Or regulations . Or warning.
Not have to , Not has to : Something is not necessary Or required .
9- Must: Express probability Or conclusion about something based upon information we have.
10- Used to = would / Ought to = had to
Past Modals :
1- Could have : to say that we had the opportunity to do something , but we didn’t do it .
2- Could have , May have , Might have : to say that something was possible in the past
( -ve , could not have , may not have , might not have )
3- Should have , ought to have : give advice after something has happened to say that someone did
the wrong thing .
4- Must have : to make conclusions or deductions about the past .
 Should / ought to / should have :
 Should / ought to : ( used to express what we suppose is happening nor OR will probably
happen in the future ) Ex. 1-I mailed the package yesterday . you should get it tomorrow.

2- We order dinner 20 minutes ago . The waiter ought to be bringing our food soon .
 Should have: ( used to express expectations about actions or conditions in the past )

Ex. The flight left Miami on schedule , it should have already landed in new York .
 Question Techniques :
 1- Yes / No question [ rising intonation ] ( Is there a pay phone in this building ? /
Do you need a passport to travel to Mexico ? )
 2- Question word questions [ falling intonation ] ( where can I cash a check on base )
 3- Tag Questions ( The lab is open , isn’t it )
 4-Special expressions
( Do you know …? / I was working … / Can you tell me …? /
Could you tell me …? / Can I ask if ..? / Could I ask if ..? / I wonder if you could tell me … /
This may be a stupid question , but…? / This may be a dumb question , but …? )
 5- Intonation [ rising intonation that makes a Yes / No question ] ( you are leaving at noon ? /
they are serving steak for dinner ? )
 Tag Questions : )1‫ ورفعه في‬-2‫إذا كانت الجملة مثبتة فأن السؤال يكون منفي و العكس صحيح ( خفض الصوت‬
( Is a short questions – Question can have a rising intonation or falling intonation)
 Ex.1-the speaker is not certain about the information ( Rising intonation )
2-the speaker is certain about the information and wants you to agree with him (Falling
intonation)
 Embedded Question :
1- noun clause + Question word + sub. + verb. ( aux. + main ) + . Ex I don’t know how he did it .
2- noun clause + if + sub. + verb. ( aux. + main ) + ? Ex. Do you know if he is going ?
3- Used a noun clause as a subject . Ex. How he got there is not important .
4- Use “ I don’t know “ + “ I wonder “ to make an embedded question .
5- Examples : I don’t know what I can do . / I wonder if he’s coming today . / I don‘t understand
what he is saying . / can you tell me which bus goes to town ? / do you know whether or
not class is over ?
 Changing Embedded Question to inf. :
Main clause … I don’t know – I know – I wonder – can you tell me – Do you know – how can I .
1- Main clause + embedded clause ( noun clause ) /
Ex. Can you tell me Where I can wrap this package ? / I don’t know Where I can find that book ?
2- Main clause + Question word + To-inf.
Ex. Can you tell me where to find this book ? / I don’t know where to find this book ?
 If clause :
1- If ( present simple )
present simple / future
Real condition
2- If (past simple )
sub. + would + inf.
Unreal condition
3- If ( had + P.P )
sub. + would + have + P.P.
Past Unreal Condition
4- I wish I had ( I wish = if )
sub + would + have + P.P. past unreal condition
 Passive and active :
We use active verb to say what happens to the subject , We use a passive verb to say what happens to
the subject .
Active
Present simple
Past simple
Infinitive
Perfect infinitive
Example
Clean (s)
cleaned
To do / will clean
Have done / should
have done
Present perfect
Has / have done
Past perfect
Had done
Present continuous
Am / is / are doing
Past continuous
Was / were doing
I don’t like people telling me what to do .
Passive
Example
Am / is / are + p.p.
Am / is / are cleaned
Was / were + p.p.
Was / were cleaned
To / will + be + p.p.
To / will be cleaned
Have / should have + been +
Have been done / should
p.p.
have been done
Has / have + been + p.p.
Has / have been done
Had + been + p.p.
Had been done
Am / is /are / + being + p.p.
Am / is / are being done
Was / were + being + p.p.
Was / were being done
I don’t like being told what to do
 Direct and indirect speech :
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
He said , “ I write a letter every day “
He said , “ I’m writing a letter
He said , “ I have written a letter “
He said , “ I wrote a letter “
He said , “ I will write a letter “
He said , “ I’m going to write a letter “
He said , “ I can write a letter “
He said , “ I may write a letter “
He said , “ I must write a letter “
He said , “ I have to write a letter “
He asked , “ do you want to write letters”
12
He asked , “ when do you usually write
letters?”
He asked , “ where is the letter ? “
13
He said (that) he wrote a letter every day .
He said (that) he was writing a letter .
He said (that) he had written a letter .
He said (that) he had written a letter .
He said (that) he would write a letter .
He said (that) he was going to write a letter .
He said (that) he could write a letter .
He said (that) he might write a letter .
He said (that) he had to write a letter .
He said (that) he had to write a letter .
He asked me if / whether I wanted to write a
letter.
He asked me when I usually wrote letters .
He asked where the letter was .
 Comparisons :
1- Regular
Comparative : ( - er ) And Superlative : ( -est )
2 ‫مقارنة بين‬
Ex.
Adjective …. Old – older than – the oldest / young – younger than – the youngest
Adverb …….. late – later than – the latest / early- earlier than – the earliest
2- Irregular
Comparative : ( more / less ) And Superlative : ( the most / the least )
Ex. Comparative Adjective … careful - more careful than – less careful than
Beautiful – more beautiful than – less beautiful than
Adverb …. Beautifully – more beautifully than – less beautifully than
Superlative
Adjective … Careful – the most careful – the least careful
Adverb ….. beautifully – the most beautifully – the least beautifully
Some irregular adjective and adverb ….. ( bad – worse – the worst / badly – worse – the worst /
Far – farther “further” – the farther “further” / good “well” – better – the best )
 Adjectives :
1- ( -ing ) , tells us about job / Ex .My job is tiring .
2- ( -ed ) tells us how somebody feels / Ex. I’m always tired when I finished work .
3- Fact adjectives : give us factual information about work , size , color ,…
4- Opinion adjectives : tells us what somebody thinks of something Or somebody ( Ex. interesting )
5- Adverb : tell us about adverb , how somebody does something Or how something happen
Ex. Quickly – seriously – quietly – badly – heavily well )
6- Adjectives : tell us about nouns , we use adjectives before nouns and after some verbs .
7- we use adverbs before adjectives and other adverb . ( terribly sorry – reasonably cheap )
8- ( Fast – Hard – Late ) can use adjectives Or adverb .
9- Can / could hardly do something = it’s almost impossible for me to do .
(
 Progressives :
1- present :a – express an action or event taking place ( happened ) , the time of speaking
Ex . we are reviewing progressives.
B- Express an action Or event happening at present and lasting an extended period of time
Ex. His family is living in California .
C- Express a future action . Ex. They’re leaving Florida tomorrow .
2- Past : express an action Or event in progress Or taking place at some past time .
Ex. I was studying when you called.
3- Future : express an action Or event that will be in progress Or will continue in progress in a future
time period.
Ex. He’ll be working on this assignment for the next week .
4- present perfect : a- express an action Or event that began in the past and has just recently stopped .
Ex. I’ve been watching TV .
B – express an action Or event that began in the past and still happening ( period of time Or
repeated over a period of time ) Ex.Tom’s been talking on the phone for over two hours.
5- Past perfect : Express an action Or event that was in progress at the past time and continued
until something else happened to interrupt the first action .
Ex. He had been smoking for 25 years when he finally quit .
 H , Th , Ou : ‫ المفجفدة بالجملة‬Pronoun + possessive ‫في النالم الغير رسمي يتم حاف الحروف السابقة المفجفدة في‬
Ex . Will you go to his home ? / you’ll see them later .
 No , not , never , barely , hardly , scarcely , seldom , rarely : these words are negative adverbs
and are not used with negative verbs . they must be used with affirmative verbs.
Ex. They never clean up the kitchen .
 Adverbial connective ( Express contrast – Ex. However / although / though / even though /
even if / but / despite / in spite of / no matter / regardless / nevertheless )
Ex. 1- Ali is looking for a new job ; [ even so / however / nevertheless / nonetheless / on the other
hand / regardless of that ] , he has not resigned from his old one yet .
2- Ali is looking for a new job . [ Even so / However / Nevertheless / Nonetheless / On the other
hand / Regardless of that ] , he has not resigned from his old one yet
3- She will never accept [ despite / in spite of / no matter / regardless ] How much it costs .
4 – [ despite / in spite of / regardless ] The fact ( that ) it’s been raining all week , the graduation
ceremony will still be held out doors .
5- [ despite / in spite of / no matter / regardless ] What he’s done in the past , the jury should
consider only the fact of this case .
 Note the use of adverbs : ( never – seldom – rarely – hardly – scarcely )
Ex.
1- She will seldom eat dessert.
2- He never brings his own cigarettes.
 Passive and perfect forms of ( inf. And gerund ) :
Passive inf. (To Be + Verb.Ed) Ex . I didn’t expect to be invited to his party.
Passive gerund (Being + Verb.Ed) Ex. I appreciated being invited to your home.
Perfect infinitive ( To have + Verb.Ed ) Ex. The rain seems/seemed to have stopped.
Perfect gerund (Having + Verb.Ed)
Ex. I appreciate / appreciated having had the opportunity to meet the king.
Perfect passive inf. (To have been +Verb.Ed) Ex. Jane is fortunate to have been given a scholarship.
Perfect passive gerund. (Having been + Verb.Ed) Ex. I appreciate having been told the news.
 Adjective Quantifiers :
Used with 1- Count nouns : many – several – A few – few.
2- noncount nouns : much – a little – little .
3 – Both count and noncount nouns: some – any – more – most – enough – all – a lot of
- lots of – plenty of .
 Possessive Nouns:
( ‘s ) add to singular / plural noun or irregular plural noun to show that people own.
When the final sound is voiced ( end letter M,N,B,V,Y,L,R,G,A) we pronounce (‘s) as /Z/ .
When the final sound is voiceless ( end letter T,P,F,K ) we pronounce (‘s) as /S/ .
When the final sound in letters (S,SH,CH,GE,X,Z) we pronounce (‘s) as /AZ/ .
When we have a plural noun , we add only the apostrophe (‘) after the final (s) .
Ex.
Men’s – Women’s – Lieutenant’s – les’s –Student’ – Employees’
Possessive adjectives Possessive pronouns Possessive adjectives
Possessive pronouns
My
Mine
Its
Its
Your
Yours
Our
Ours
His
His
Their
Theirs
Her
Hers
Pronunciation of (ED) :
If the word ended (T,D)
(ED) is pronounced with extra syllable ( EX. Wanted – ended )
If a word doesn’t end with ( T-D)
(ED) is pronounced either like the sound (T) .
the word not pronounced with an extra syllable . ( Ex . asked – loved –used – showed – closed )
Could not have + P.P :
Used to express logical impossibility about past action.
Ex. 1- Mark couldn’t have quit the job. I saw him at work just this morning.
2- George couldn’t have been in school the 25 Th. . It was a Sunday.
Could have + P.P :
Used to express past unfulfilled ability
Ex. Molly could have been a supervisor , but she turned down the offer.
 Conditional sentence :
If + Sub. + Had + P.P.
Sub. + would / could + Have + P.P. ………
Ex.
If we had left earlier , we could have been on time .
Sub. + could / might + have + P.P.
If + sub. + had + P.P. …..
Ex.
Edward could have passed if he had studied harder.
If + Sub. + had + P.P.
Q.M. ( what ) + could + sub. + have + P.P. ….
Ex.
If you had had more , what would you have done ?
Could + Sub. + have / has + P.P
If + sub. + had + P.P …..
Ex.
Could you have gone if you had finished your work ?
 In case , In the event , If :
In case = in the event
) %70 ‫عندما نكون متوقعين حدوث الفعل ( احتمالية حدوث الحدث عالية تصل إلى‬
Ex .
Bring your keys in case / in the event the door is looked .
If = in the event
% 40 ‫عندما يكون احتمالية وقوع الحدث تصل إلى‬
Ex.
If / in the event it rains , the party will be held in doors .
If = in case = in the event
‫يكون ذلك علي حسب معني الجملة‬
( In case of / in the event of ) + noun / Gerund OR ( in case / in the event ) + Clause .

‫عند السؤال بأداة االستفهام أو الجمل الخبرية العادية ال يتم رفع الصوت في المقطع األخير‬
Ex . Their work is done ? / Where did you see him ?
Drop in voice level .

‫ ال فأننا نرفع الصوت في المقطع األخير‬/ ‫عند السؤال ب نعم‬
Ex . Do you like coffee ?
Rise in voice level .
 Tenses indicating future :
1- will ….( when we certain about future actions )
2- Be going to ….( when we certain about future actions )
3- Present simple tense …..( often accompany these last tense to clarify time )
4- Present progressive tense ….( often accompany these last tense to clarify time )
Ex . the train ( will depart – is going to depart – departs – is departing ) at 2:30 P.M.
 Past perfect and past perfect progressive in indirect speech :
Tense doesn’t change , “That” may be added (Optional ) , Personal pronouns and possessive adjectives
change ( your ….. my / you ….. me ) , In questions the word order change from question to
statement ( verb / subject order ) , For “yes / no” question add “if” or “weather” .
Ex. Direct : 1- I’d worked in a bank I came to this job.
2- I’d been swimming before Sam called .
3- where had Kim studied English before she came here ?
4- had you met Mr. Wong before ?
Indirect : 1- Ed said ( that ) he’d worked in a bank before he came to this job .
2- Ann said she’d been swimming before Sam called .
3- Ron asked where Kim had studied English before she came here .
4- Pam asked me if / weather I had met Mr. Wong before .
 Anticipatory it + Gerund : It + Be + noun / adjective + Gerund phrase .
It’s + adjectives + subjective noun clause ( that I be on time )
Ex. 1- It was a good choice going to the game instead of the movie .
2- it’s better that you do the work.
3- it’s mandatory that we report to the chief.
It + (amaze-annoy-bother-hurt-shock-disturb-surprise) + someone + (That) +
Noun clause ( s+v+o).
It is + ( essential-necessary-mandatory-compulsory) + That + s. ‫عند النفي يتم وضع أداة النفي أمام الفعل‬
Direct object + P.P. / Passive inf. :
When we have someone else perform a job for us .Use ( want – like – need - - expect ) followed
by a direct object + P.P. / Passive inf.
Ex .
1- I would like the oil changed this morning.
2- The librarian wants the books to be returned in good condition .
Note : Expect … is usually followed by a passive inf.
Ex. The boss expects this job to be done today.
 Adjective clause reduction ( to-inf.)
‫عند عمل االختصار للجملة عن طريق‬
( To + Inf. ) OR ( For + noun / Pronoun )
Ex. 1- Roger has a lot (that) he must learn.
Roger has a lot to learn
2- I bought some snacks (that) we can eat later.
I bought some snacks for us to eat later .
3- Do you know a place (where) I can buy batteries?
Do you know a place to buy batteries?
4-I know of a good place (where) you can meet me.
I know of a good place for you
to meet me.
 Present progressive / Present simple :
 1- Present progressive: used to talk a bout something that is happening now.
Ex… Look ! it’s snowing.
 2- Present simple : used to talk a bout something that is happens all at time .
Ex. It usually snows here in the winter.
 Adverb Clause of time :
1- while I was swimming in the lake , I saw a large fish jump .
While swimming in the lake , I saw a large fish jump .
2- Robert always reads the newspaper While he eats breakfast .
Robert always reads the newspaper While eating breakfast .
3- The driver , while he was racing to the hospital , ran several stop signs .
The driver , While racing to the hospital , ran several stop signs .
 Restrictive adjective clause :
‫عندما نعطي معني ضروري للجملة فأننا ال نضع أي كومة‬
Ex. The boy who waved to us is my brother .
 Non Restrictive adjective clause : ‫عندما نعطي معني ليس ضروري ال يؤثر علي معني الجملة و يتم استخدام الكومة‬
Ex. Mr. Smith , who lives next door , is moving to Ohio .
 Causative ( Have – Make – Get ) :
 Have someone do something / Have something done ( passive ) .
 Make someone do something / Make something done ( passive ) .
 Get someone To do something / Get something done ( passive ) .
 Time Expression :
All the time expression answer the question [ when …? / how often .. ? / how long … ? ]
 1- Time adverbial expression A definite time , the answer of the question [ where …? ]
 Ex.( Now– again – just – recently –yesterday –tomorrow –last week –next year –Monday evening –
in the morning – on Saturday – then – at night – three weeks ago – the day after tomorrow )
 2- Time adverbial expression Duration of time , they answer the question [ how long …? ]
 EX. ( for – since )
 3- Time adverbial expression Frequency , they answer the question [ how often … ? ]
Ex. ( daily – weekly – every day – every week end – once a year – twice a week – always –
sometimes – often – never – usually – frequently )
 Showing Effect OR Result :
 Mr. Green lost his job (as a result, / thus, / therefore, / consequently,) he can’t buy a new car.
 Mr. Green lost his job (As a result, /Thus, / Therefore,/ Consequently,)he can’t buy a new car.
 Nouns clause after certain verbs.
 Noun clause can be used after certain verbs that express necessity and requesting (advise –
ask – command – recommend – request – suggest – insist – order – urge )
 Ex. His mother insisted ( that ) he be home at eight .
 I suggested to john ( that ) he study for the test .
 Gerund and to-inf. After Be :
 Ex. 1- his favorite sport is swimming.
2- her biggest problem is doing her homework .

3- his advice was not to fly in this weather.
4- Jim’s goal is to learn Russian.
 Fixed prepositional phrase :
( Go to / Come to ) bed = to sleep . ( Be in / Stay in ) bed = for rest
Get out of bed = After resting / sleeping .
( Go to / Come to ) school = to study .
Be at breakfast / at dinner / at the table = Having a meal .
Be in class = attending or teaching a class.
Go to / be at church = for worship .
Be at / go home = in one’s own house.
Go to / be at the university = for study .
Go into / be in the hospital = for medical treatment.
 Pronouns :
 Someone ,something ,somebody ,anything ,anyone ,anybody (used in question –indefinite pronouns )
 Someone , something , somebody , anything , anyone , anybody , nothing , nobody , no one ( used in
affirmative sentence – indefinite pronouns)
 anything , anyone , anybody ( used in negative sentence – indefinite pronouns )
 Someplace ,somewhere , anywhere , anyplace ( used in question – indefinite adverb )
 Someplace ,somewhere ,anywhere ,anyplace ,no place ,nowhere (used in question –indefinite adverb )
 Anyplace , anywhere ( used in negative sentence – infinite adverb )
 Prepositions :
1- At …Used for the time of day ( at … 5 o’clock –11.45 –midnight –the same time –the moment –
home – work – school –university –college – sea –a party –a conference –the station –the airport )
2- On … Used for days and dates ( On … Friday – 12 March 1992 – my birthday – chrisms day – a
bus – a train – a ship – a bicycle – a horse – TV – a motorcycle – the radio – a trip – business )
3- In … Used for longer periods ( In … October – 1984 – the past – the 1990 – the middle agesA
few minutes – six months - a time in the future –bed –hospital –prison –the sea –a car – a taxi )
4-Don’t use ( At – On – In ) before … Last – next – this – every
5- At the end = at the time when something ends . //
In the end = finally .
6- Use ( In – At ) for Buildings and Towns .
7- Go / come / travel To a place or event .
//
Get / arrive To a place .
8- Shout at = when you are angry .
//
Shout to = so that they can hear you .
 Relative clause :
 Tells us which person Or thing the speaker mean . Ex. The woman who lives next door is a doctor.
 We use Who / That / Which / Whose / Whom / Where .
 We use (,) in the clause when the relative clause give us extra information about
the person Or thing .
 We don’t use (,) when the relative clause tells we which person Or thing the speaker mean.
 Pronoun agreement :
Sub
Object
Possess adjective
Possess pronoun
reflexive
I
Me
My
Mine
Myself
You
you
your
yours
yourself
she
her
her
hers
herself
he
him
his
his
himself
it
it
its
itself
we
us
our
ours
ourselves
you
you
your
yours
yourselves
they
them
their
theirs
themselves
 Coordinating conjunctions : ( parallel structure )
And … used to indicate addition EX. 1- Bob and mike are studding math . 2- they like to eat and coffee.
Or … used to indicate a choice of two items . Ex. Ahmed or Ali will take you to airport
But … show contrast between two items . Ex. The team tried to score a goal but failed.
Not … show an acceptance of one and rejection of another . Ex. The dog not the cat eats the most.
 Correlative conjunction :
 Both…and: show addition of two or more (stronger than and) Ex. Both Ali and khalid can play the
piano.
 Not only …but also: similar to (both…and) .Ex. her husband not only cooks but also cleans.
 Either…or: indicate choice between two items or persons.
Ex. Either Ali or Wilson will take to us today.
 Neither…nor: negative of (either. or),never used with negative verb.
Ex. Betty is neither kind nor helpful.
 Rather Than ( = instead of ) : Indicates preference Or alternative . Ex. Martha likes working in the
garden Rather than in the kitchen. / We will walk rather than take a taxi .
 As well As ( = Beside ) : indicates addition Ex. Sally swims as well as skis .
 But Not : indicates contrast Ex. The curtains fit the windows in length , but not width .
 Adverb of time :
 Yet : expect some action to take in the future , the action is not completed and has not happened
before the present time , used in yes/no question and (-ve) statements ,At the end of sentence.
Ex.
Have you finished yet?
No, I have received the letter yet.
 Already : expected activity has happened (finished action – the action is completed ) ,
used in questions and affirmative statements, in the middle of sentence.
Ex. Have you already mailed the package ? Dinner has already been served.
 Still : the situation continues form past to present, used in questions, in the middle of sentences,
carry (-ve) meaning. Ex. Does he still live in Los Anglos ? yes, he still lives in Los Anglos.
 Anymore : past situation is over and doesn’t continue exist, used in yes/no questions and (-ve )
sentence, at the end of sentence . Ex. I don’t go to the gym anymore , but I still exercise every day.
 Adverbial connectives of addition :

; ( also-besides-furthermore-in addition-moreover) ,
.

. ( Also-Besides-Furthermore-In addition-Moreover) ,
.
 Reduction an adverb clause of time a modifying phrase :
( Adverb such as : after – before – since – until – when – whenever – while )
Ex. 1- I feel sleepy whenever I study after dinner .
I feel sleepy wherever studying after dinner .
2- Before we opened the door ,we heard a loud noise . Before opening the door ,we heard
a loud noise .
3- Could you walk after you fell off the horse ?
Could you walk after falling off the horse?
 Coordinating conjunctions :
So : Used to express result . Ex . I had a bad toothache , so I went to the dentist .
Yet : Used to express contrast similar to (But) . Ex. She didn’t study for the test , yet she passed it .
Nor : Used to indicate the addition of (-ve) idea . Ex. John can’t swim , nor can his brother ( swim ) .
 So + adjective + clause :
Ex . I didn’t read the story , it was so dull .
 Such + adjective + noun + clause :
Ex. I didn’t read the story , it was such a dull story .
 ( In spite / Despite ) + noun
BUT
( Although / Even though ) + sub. + verb. + object
 As well As : Ex . Ali as well as his friends is
.
 In addition to : Ex. Ali in addition to his friends are
.
 Perfect gerund and perfect inf.
1- perfect gerund : ( active voice = having + p.p. / passive voice = having been + p.p. )
Ex. Having studied all night ,Ahmed was ready for the exam . / having been accused of robbery ,
Sam had to hire a lawyer .
2- perfect inf. : ( active voice = to have + p.p. / passive voice = to have been + p.p. )
Ex. The all night study session proved to have been a mistake for Ahmed . / today the accusations
against Sam appear to have been dropped .
 That-noun clause sentence :
That … noun clause + verb + complement / It + verb + complement + that-noun clause /
Noun phrase + verb + optional that + noun clause .
Ex.
1-That you were not killed is a wonder .
2- It is a wonder that you were not killed .
3- the fact is that you were late !
 Adjective and preposition combinations :
 Absent from – accustomed to – afraid of – angry at / with – appropriate for – Aware of – bad for –
bored with –capable of –clear to –conscious of –critical of –crowded with –dedicated to–different
from – difficult for – disappointed in / with – doubtful about – enthusiastic about –equal to –excited
about – exhausted from – faithful to – familiar with – famous for – fond of – friendly to / with –
frightened of – full of – glad about – hungry for – incapable of – innocent of – interested in –
involved in – kind to – know for – loyal to – mad at – married to – nice to – patient with –
polite to –proud of – prepared for – qualified for – ready for related to – responsible for –
satisfied with – scared of – similar to – successful in – sure about – terrified of – thirsty for –
tired from / of – tolerant of – upset about – worried about .
 Collective nouns :
The committee has a tremendous job before it .
( Correct )
The committee have a tremendous job before them .
( Correct )
The committee has a tremendous job before them .
( Incorrect )
 Sequence adverbs in final position :
Sub + Verb + complement + Adverb ( place + manner + time )
Ex. The children are at home alone tonight . / Alec plans to travel to Alex by train next week .
 Gerund and inf. As subjects :
1- sub. + complement + verb + complement / Ex. Driving across the city takes about an hour .
2- Sub. + complement + verb + sub. + complement / Ex. To leave now would be rude .
3- An-it + verb + complement+sub.+complement / Ex. It takes about an hour to leave across
the city .
4- An-it + verb + complement + sub + complement / Ex. It was wonderful to see Maria again .
 Modifier + noun :
1- compound noun ( Ex. Drinking water ‫ مياه الشرب‬- ‫) الصفت مرتفع علي النلمة اوولى‬
2- Verb + noun ( drinking Water ‫ يشرب مياه‬- ‫) الصفت مرتفع على النلمة الثانية‬
 Wherever = Anywhere : ( Whoever = anyone / whomever = anyone / whatever = anything /
wherever = anywhere / whenever = anytime / whichever = any car )
 In the front of / In front of : In the front / bake of ….. inside something – object comes after it .
In front / bake it … outside something – no object comes after it .
 Emphatic DO :
When we want to stress or emphasize an action we can use do , does or did before the verb.
Ex.
Did you met my niece last night ? no, but I did meet your nephew.
 Preposition indicate place or location :
At – above – among –behind –below –beneath –beside –between – in -in back of –in front of – inside
– near – next to – on – on top of – opposite – over – through out – under – underneath .
 Preposition indicate direction of movement :
Around – as far as - away from – down – in – into – from – off – on – onto – out of – past –
up – to
– through – toward (s) .
 Would :
Would = used when we imagine a situation or action or when we talk about things that happened
regular in the past.







Would have done = Imagine situation or action in the past .
I wish … would = use when we want something to happen or want somebody to
do something , For action and changes not for situation.
I wish … would not = To complain about things people do repeatedly .
Had better :
Had Better = Is advisable to do it ,If I don’t there will be a problem or danger .
Had better = Use only for a particular situation .
I had better = should = ought to .
Should:
 Should = Used to give advice or to give an opinion or to expect something to happen .
 Should do = A good thing to do OR the right thing to do .
 Should not do = Is not good thing to do .
 Should have done = Did not do it but it would have been the right thing to do .
 Should = Not strong as must . Used with ( suggest – propose – demand – recommend – insist
o think – I don’t know – Do you think …)
Need:
 Need not do …= Is not necessary.
 Need not have done = Do the action but it was not necessary .
 Did not need to do = Was not necessary for me to …
 Need not have done = Did something but now I know that it was not necessary .
Must = Have to =Has to :
( Necessary to do something )
Must = personal , we use when we give our personal feeling. ( used with ..present, future )
Has to / Have to = Impersonal , use for facts ( used with … present , past , future )
Must not do = Necessary that you don’t do it .
Don’t have to do = Don’t need to do it .
May / Might :
Used to say something is possible or happening in the future .
May / Might
Be + Verb. + ing.
( For possible planes )
May / Might + not have + ( Been + Verb. OR P . P . )
Must / Can :
Must = To say we feel sure something is true.
Can’t = To say we feel sure something is not true.
Must / can’t
( Inf. OR Be. + Verb. + Ing. )
Must / can’t + Have
( P. P. OR Been + Verb. + Ing. )
Can / could / would you …? = Used for ( Request , Offers , Permission , Invitations )
Can = Used to say something is possible or someone has the ability to do .
Can = Be able to But Can is more usual .
Could = Used for general ability or possibility , Less sure than Can .
Could = Used with ( see , hear , smell , taste , feel , remember , understand )
Be able to = When we talking about what happen in particular situation .
Could have done = For things which were possible but did not happen .
Could have done = Would have been able to do .
Will:
Will = Used to say ( offering to do something , Agreeing to do something ,promising to do
something ,Asking someone to do something )
I will = Used when we decide to do something at the time of speaking , Don’t use will to talk about
What you have already decided to do .
Will not = Refuse to do something ( will not = won’t )
Will = Used often with ( probably , I’m sure , I expect , I think , I wonder , I don’t think )
Will be doing (future continuos ) = talk about complete action in the future and we are in the middle
of doing something .
Will have done ( future perfect ) = something will already be completed .
Shall = Mostly used in question to ask somebody opinion ( Especially in offers or suggestions )
 Few / little + A few / A little :
Few / little … used as adjectives and as pronouns , with count nouns, used in negative way
( the absence of nearly all quantity , - ve )
A few / a little … used with noncount nouns. Used in a positive way ( the presence of nearly all
quantity , + ve ).
 Bring / Take :
Bring = used for movement toward the speaker . ( Ex. Bring me that paper )
Take = used for movement a way from the speaker.(Ex. Take this message to col. Khalid office)
 Mind / Object :
Mind + Verb. + Ing.
BUT Object + to + Inf.
 Borrow / Lend :
Borrow from
But
Lend to
 Good / Well :
Good at
But
Well
( adjective Or adverb )
 Raise / Rise :
Raise + object
But
Rise = go up = ascend ( don’t take object )
Wish : ( past unreal situation)
Wish + (that) noun clause ( containing past perfect verb ) to express regret about a past situation
Ex.
I wish (that) I had become a doctor instead of a lawyer
 Too / Very: ( Placed before adjective or adverb )
Very = a lot = much = to great degree
Too = more than enough ,used to express excessiveness , used too implies a negative result.
Too … to ( somebody / something ) // too … to
do something .
Beside / Besides :
Beside = Next to = By the side of ( Ex. Khalid sits beside major Kent in the classroom.)
Besides = in addition = further more = in addition to = other than
Ex. Besides English , I also study science at the university.
Need :
Usually followed by ( To + Inf.) Ex. I need to borrow some money.
Sometimes we use Gerund ( Verb. + Ing. ) Ex.
The house needs painting OR to be painted.
 Who / Whom :
Whom is normally used in formal English ,the proposition usually comes before whom when
a
question is asked. Ex. To whom are you giving your book ? My teacher.
Who is often used instead of whom in informal speech . the preposition placed at the end of sentence.
Ex. Who are you speaking to ? - Who are you reading about ?
 Elder – eldest / older – oldest :
 Elder – Eldest … can only be used to imply seniority with in a family or social group , can’t use
THAN after it .
EX. Frank is my elder brother / His eldest son came to visit him.
 Older – Oldest … to compare , used THAN after it EX. Frank is older than I’m .
 So …. That / Such …. That :
So … that :used with Adjectives –adverbs –noun phrases (the phrases may have much , many )
Such … that : used only with noun phrases ( the phrases never have much , many )
Ex. Jim is so tall ( such a tall man ) that he has to bend to enter .
 Else : used as
1- Question word
Ex. Who else will be at the party ?
2 – Pronouns
Ex. Do you know whom else she spoke to?
3- Adverbs
Ex. Can you tell me how else I can do it ?
A / An :
A … used before singular count noun that begins with constant sound ( a book – a guard ).
An … used before singular count noun that begins with a vowel sound ( a – o – e – I – h )
Ex.… an example – an actress – an inch – an onion – an hour .
A / An … Not used before plural count nouns . ( Actors – horses – jackets – keys )
 Too + adverb + to + inf. :
Ex .
this city grows too rapidly for me to keep up with it .
 There + be + gerund :
Ex. There is no smoking in this building . / there will be celebrating after the graduation .
 As if / As though :
 Preferred in formal speech to introduce an adverb clause of manner ( Express how someone or
something looks , sound , smells ,….) . we use like.
 Ex. It smells ( As if / as though / like ) something is burning. Ex. Bob always act as if he’s mad.
 Use ( as if / as though ) to show how someone does something.
 Either…or / Neither….nor :
 Ex.
1- Either my sister or my brother is going to visit him.

2- Either my brother or my sister are going to visit him.

3- Neither john nor his friends were there.

4- Neither you nor your friend was helpful.
 Lay / lie :
Lay : = to place = to put ( use when something is happening to a person or a thing )
Ex. Stan laid his hand on his son’s shoulder.
Lie : = to rest = to remain in a certain position ( use when there is no person or thing
receiving the action of the verb.) Ex. The patient lay in his hospital bed for two weeks.
 Borrow / Lend :
Borrow something From someone . / Lend something To someone
 While : while + subject + verb .
 In case : to say why somebody does something ( in case of = if there is )
 Have : used with …breakfast – dinner – a cup of tea – a cigarette – a bath – a shower – a swim –
a rest – a party – a holiday – a nice time – an accident – an experience – a dream – difficult – fun –
trouble .
 Army – News – United sates … + Is ‫هاه اوسماء مفرده و ليس جمع‬
/ Police + are ‫جمع و ليس مفرد‬
 Let / permit / allow : let + verb BUT allow / permit + to + infinitive .
 Sub. + verb + ( mandatory / advisable / best / better ) + that + sub + infinitive + complement .
Ex. It’s mandatory that every pilot wear his helmet .
 Go …… ( Go + to
place / Go + Gerund )
 Sub. + Be permitted to / Allowed to + Verb. :

Ex.
They will be permitted to / allowed to bring 2 suitcases .
 Lots of and a lot :
( the same meaning and use )
used with …….. ( much – many –
countable nouns – uncountable nouns – affirmative – negative – Questions )
 Same , Similar , Alike , and Different : Used to express difference or similarity .
Ex. ( Be different from … , Be alike … , Be similar to … , Be similar .. , Be the same as … )
 Adverbial connectives used to shorten statements …….( All in all – consequently – in all – in
conclusion – to conclude – in summary –in other words – to summarize – in short –to put it briefly )
 Talk about difference : Used ….. ( Different from – not at all “ alike / the same “
– not the same as – many difference between – considerable difference in )
 Quite a few :
Used with countable nouns , affirmative and questions ( -ve. Question )
 A greet deal of : used with uncountable nouns , affirmative , negative statements and questions .
 Be to :
used to express necessity or obligation or future time .
 Say :
( when you are repeating what you or someone has said / say + direct object /
say + to + indirect object )
 Tell :
( when you give facts or information to someone or when you give relating
a conversation to someone / tell + indirect object + direct object )
 By : Used to show A means of transportation Or communication ( By + [ noun / verb + ing. ] )
 With / Without :
Used to express how something is done when an instrument
Or part of the body is used ( with hammer – with his shovel – with her knee )
 Advice / Advise :
 Advice (n) = recommendation = opinion BUT Advise (v) = give a device
 Be about to :
Used for very immediate future . Ex. I think I’m about to faint .
Used with time clause beginning with (when) Ex. I was about to start dinner when the phone rang .
 Verb. + Object +preposition + (Verb. + Ing. ) .
Congratulate on – accuse of – suspect of – prevent from – stop from – thank for –
forgive for Warn against.
 Verb. + preposition + (Verb + Ing) .
Talk about – apologies for – succeed in – insist on – think of – feel like – decide against
Approve of – dream of – look forward to.
 Verb. + (To + Inf.)
Decide – offer – hope – deserve – attempt – promise – threaten – mange – afford – aim –plan
Appear – Ask – Beg – Care - Consent – Demand – Expect – Need – Hesitate – Mean – wait
Prepare – Pretend – regret – remember – swear – struggle – volunteer – want – wish - claim.
Agree – refuse – arrange – learn – forget – fail – seem – tend – pretend – begin – bother –
choose – continue – determine – happen – hate – hope – intend – like – love – need – neglect –
offer – prefer – proceed – start – try – threaten  Verb. (Verb. + Ing.) Or Verb. (Noun. + Verb. + Ing ).
Enjoy – mind – suggest – stop – delay – fancy – consider – admit – miss – involve –
finish –postpone
Imagine – avoid – deny – risk – practice – allow – give up – put off – carry on – go on – keep on
Advise – Anticipate – Appreciate – Complete – Discuss – Can’t help – mention – Quit – Recall –
Recommend - Regret – Remember – represent – resist – Tolerate – Understand – Continue –
Escape – like - Permit – Report – Start .
 Verb. + Question word + (To + Inf. )
Ask - decide - Know - remember - forget - explain - learn - understand - wonder .
 Verb. + object / pronoun + ( to + inf. )
Tell – remind – force – enable – teach – order – warn – invite – persuade – get – Advise – allow
- ask – beg – cause – challenge – convince – dare – encourage – expect – forbid – hire – instructneed – permit – require – urge – want – warn .
 Verb. + object + ( To + Inf. ) OR Verb. + ( To + Inf. )
Want – ask – help – would like – would prefer – expect – beg – mean – would love – would hate.
 Verb. + object + ( To + Inf. ) OR Verb. + ( Verb. + Ing. )
Advise – recommend – encourage – allow – permit – forbid.
 Verb. + ( verb. + ing. ) OR Verb. + ( to + inf. )
Begin – start – intend – continue – bother – love – hate – can’t bear – Attempt – forget – like – mean
– need – neglect – plan – prefer – remember – regret – try.
 Verb + (that) – Noun clause:
Verbs followed by noun clause
( Agree – believe – decide – discover – doubt – feel – hope – figure out – find out – forget –
guess – hear – imagine – indicate – know – learn – notice – observe – predict – read – realize
– regret – remember – say – tell – think – understand.)
Verb + Object + ( present simple / present participle ) :
 Some verbs followed by object + ( present simple … emphasize completion of the action /present
participle …. Emphasize the duration of the action ) { feel – hear – listen to – look at – notice –
observe – see – smell – watch. }
Ex. I didn’t hear bill knock / knocking at the door .
 Expression + verb + ing. : ( have fun / have a good time / have trouble / have difficulty / have
a hard time / have a difficult time ) + verb + ing.
Spend / Waste + Expression of time + verb + ing.
Ex. Spend a year studding .
Sit / Stand / Lie + Expression of place + verb + ing.
Ex. Sit at the computer working.
 Kind of suffix :
1- noun suffix . 2- verb suffix .
3- adjectives suffix .
 Suffix ( -able / -ible )
Add to certain nouns and verbs to make adjectives ( Ex. Accept / acceptable – love / lovable
- wash / washable – permit / permissible )
 Suffix ( -ent / -ant ) :
Add to some verbs to make adjectives these express “that has, shows, does” …….(Absorb/absorbent –
converge/convergent – depend / dependent – excel / excellent – differ / different – neglect / negligent –
insist / insistent – observe observant – please / pleasant – rely / reliant – tolerate / tolerant.)
Suffix ( -ive / -tive / -ative )
Add to verb. Or noun to make adjective (create/ creative - defense / defensive – produce / productive –
talk / talkative )
Suffix ( -y / -ty / -ity / -ility )
Add to adjectives to form abstract nouns . ( honest / honesty – certain / certainty – real / reality
- creative / creativity – visible / visibility )
 Suffix ( -ness )
Add to adjective to make nouns which express ( the quality or state of being )
Ex. Dark / Darkness – dizzy / dizziness – eager / eagerness – sick / sickness.
 Suffix ( Un- ) :
Give the opposite meaning of the word ( Ex. Reliable / unreliable )
 Suffix ( -like ) :
Add to nouns to make adjectives . express the idea of resembling or having the characteristic of something
. ( Ex. Child / childlike – lady / ladylike )
 Suffix ( -er / -or ) :
Add to some verbs to make nouns ( Ex. Teach / teacher – collect / collector )
Suffix ( -ion / -ation / -tion / -sion )
Add to verbs to make nouns ( Ex. Instruct / instruction – observe / observation – intend / intention –
decide / decision )
 Suffix ( -al / -ance / -ment / -y )
Add to verbs to make nouns ( Ex. Approve / approval – refer /reference –allow / allowance –employ /
employment – recover / recovery )
 Suffix ( -al / -ial )
Add to nouns to form adjectives .
( addition / additional – commerce / commercial
–
accident / accidental – manager / managerial )
 Suffix ( -ize ) :
Add to various adjectives to make verbs , means “ to cause Or to be “ .
Ex. Equal / equalize – modern / modernize .
 Suffix ( -ful / -less )
Add to some nouns to make adjectives . they have opposite meanings ( -ful … means full of OR Having /
-less… means without OR not enough )
Ex. ( Powerful - careful – powerless – careless - …………….. )
 Suffix ( -ward ) : used to form adjectives and adverbs which indicate a direction in time or space.
Ex. ( Northward – southward –eastward – westward – upwards – downwards – backwards )
Suffix ( -ern ) : Add to nouns to form adjectives , indicate something occurs in or is situated
in certain direction .
Ex. ( northern – southern – eastern - western )
 Suffix ( -fy / -ify )
Add to some nouns and adjectives to make verbs. ( Beauty / Beautify –false /falsify – just / justify –
person / personify – simple / simplify – terror / terrify – class / classify– electric / electrify – glory /
glorify – liquid / liquefy – pure / purify – solid / solidify )
 Suffix ( -ic / -ical ) :
Add to nouns to make adjectives . Ex.(atom / atomic – method / methodical – economy / economic –
comic / comical )
Suffix ( -en ) :
Add to nouns and adjectives to form Verbs ( wide / widen – deep / deepen – length / lengthen )
 Suffix ( -ly ) :
Add to adjectives to form adverbs , describe the action of the adverb
and
answer the question “ how ? “ , Ex….. Slow / Slowly .
 Prefix ( Re- ):
Meaning is again / make it again. Ex. Remarried – rewrite – reconsider.
Prefix ( mal / mis ) :
means bad Or wrong
Add to words to indicate that action , condition Or thing is not good Or not right ( maladjusted /
miscounted / misdirected )
 Prefix (Co- ) :
Has the meaning of “joint“ and “together with“ , sometimes ( Co- appears as [Com- , Con- , Col-] )
Ex. Compress – contain – collect
.
Making request :
formal
I hope you don’t mind my asking , but could you
Do ( inf. ) me a favor ?
Could you possibly
Do you think you could
Would you be willing to
Would you
Could you
informal
Will you
Can you
formal
Would you mind
Informal How about
 If no one is listening request : formal
 Agree to request :
Formal
Informal
Very informal
Agree
Of course.
Certainly.
By all means.
I’d be glad to .
Yes , I will / can .
Sure.
All right .
Okay .
By happy to .
No problem .
You bet .
No sweat .
Do (inf. ) me a favor ?
Doing ( verb + ing ) me a favor ?
Doing ( verb + ing. ) me a favor
excuse me. / informal
hey!
Refuse
I’m terribly sorry , but ….
I’m sorry , but ……..
I’d like to , but ……..
I wish I could , but ……
No , I won’t / can’t .
Sorry , but ……
I’m possible .
Wish I could .
No way .
Forget it .
Not a chance .
Obligation ( Duty , Responsibility , Requirement )
Used ( Be to , must , should , need to , have to , promise , have got to , be required to ,
be supposed to )
Express an obligation :
I told him I’d … / he has a commitment to …
/ they are responsible for … / she said that she’d … / we are committed to …
/ it is my responsibility to … / he has an obligation to … / I’m under an obligation to …
Express no obligation :
you don’t need to … / No one expects you to …
/ they have not made any promises . / that is not your responsibility . / I’m under no obligation to …
/ I never told him that I’d … / that is really not her job . / I did not want to commit myself .
 How to make Reservation :
I ( want / need / would like / ‘d like ) to reserve ( a room … / a car … / a seat … / a table … )
I ( want / need would like / ‘d like ) to make ( a reservation / Reservations ) for ( the concert /
five people / six 0’clock / December 31 )
 Asking for and giving sequence instructions :
 1- How to do something
( would you explain how …? / how should I …? / how do you …?
/ what should I do first … ? / what is the best way to … ? )
 2-How to confirm that person understand what we say
( did you understand what I said ? /
have you got all that ? / are you following me ? / any question ? / got it ? / okay ? / remember to … /
be sure to … )
 3- We not understand Or confused of something
( would you repeat that ? /
I didn’t catch that last part / I’m not sure I understand / what was that ? / hold it / wait a minute /
you just lost me / I missed that last part / run that by again , please )
 4- We understand something and we need more information about it
( what should I do now ? / now what ? /Is this right ? / Is this okay ? / How is this ? / like this ? /
then what ? / any thing else ? / what is next ? )
 5- We understand something and can follow then
( that does not sound too hard / that does not sound too difficult / that seems simple enough /
that seems easy enough / I think I’ve got it / I understand / So far , so good )
 Asking for instructions : ( what should I do first ? / what do I do after that ?/I think I understand /
what do you mean /then what ? /what next ? /now what ? /would you explain ..?/you just lost me )
 Giving instructions :
( To begin with .. / first … / first of all … / next … / then … / after that
… / be sure to … / okay / have you got all that ? )
 Expression used to delay answering : ( Let me see … /well , now …/ let me think for a minute … /
I’m not sure , but I think ….)
 Expression used to a void answering : ( I really don’t know . / I have no idea . / sorry , I can’t
answer that one . / that’s something I don’t care to discuss . /I really don’t want to talk about that . /
I’d rather not answer that . )
 Expression show our appreciation by thanking them :
Thanks a lot / thanks very much / thanks so much / thank you very much / thanks a million /
thanks a bunch / many thanks / I owe you one / I appreciate it / I appreciate your help /
you shouldn’t have / I’m very grateful / thanks for the complement / I’m in your debt /
I can not ever enough / how can I ever thank you ?
 When someone expresses gratitude for something :
You are welcome /you are very welcome /you are more than welcome /you don’t have to thank me /
think nothing of it / do not mention it / don’t worry about it / never mind / it was no trouble /
any time / it was nothing / forget it / it was no problem / it was my pleasure .
 Expressions:
 Suggest ( when we sure what should be done ) : I think that you should … / I would suggest that … /
my suggestion would be to … / the best thing to do would be to … / your best option would be to … /
the best course of action would be to … / I believe you ought to … .
 suggest ( we uncertain about something / used in formal settings ) : it seems to me that perhaps … /
you might want to … / have you considered … /we have considered …/has …ever been considered …
/ I think it might be a good idea … /one idea would be to … / may be you ought to … / I would appear
that your best course of action would be to … .
 Suggestion (with close friends / less formal ) : I think you’d better … / let’s …/ why don’t you
…/you might want to … / you should … / it maybe a good idea to … / you probably should … / you
ought to … / may be you’d better …/ if I were you , I’d … / what you need to do is … / take my
advice and … /do yourself a favor and …/if you want my opinion …/you might want to think about …
/ maybe you should think about … .
 Expression of sorry : I’m sorry about … / I was sorry to hear about … / I’m sorry that … / I’m so
sorry to hear about … /I’m mny76so sorry that … /I was should to shocking to hear about … /I want
you to know how sorry I’m about … /I’m really sorry to hear … /I can’t tell you how sorry I’m that …
 When we understand someone experiencing: I know your feelings / I understand how you feel /
I understand what you are going through /I know how you feel…/
I understand how angry you must feel
 Offer assistance : Is there anything I can do for you ? / please let me know if there is anything I can
do /I’ll be more than glad to help you /please call if you need me /I’ll be hero if you need me /please
don’t hesitate to call on me if there is something I can do / If I can help you in any way , let me know .
 Agreeing : certainly / sure / I agree with you / I couldn’t agree more.
 Disagreeing :
I don’t think so ,… / I agree with you , but … / the way I see it is different … /
what are you suggesting is not true . / as fast as I know , this is … /
what your saying is quite
the opposite of my opinion .
 Asking permission :
 Can … ? / may … ? / are we permitted … ? / would you mind if …? /I wonder if I could … ?
/ Could … ? /are we allowed … ? / is it okay if … ? / do you mind if … ?
 Giving permission :
 Sure , go ahead / Sure , no problem / yes , of course / yes , you can /yes , you may / sure ,
it’s okay / no, I don’t mind at all / of course / Certainly .
 Denying permission :
Sorry / sorry , I can’t / please don’t / I’m afraid not / I’m sorry but … / I wish you wouldn’t /
sorry , it is not allowed ( permitted ) .
 Word connective :
used to indicate a time sequence
( first – second – third – at first –
then – later – before that – eventually – next – following this – after this – afterward – in the
beginning – first of all – last of all – at the start – mean while – in the mean time – to start with –
after that – initial – following – final – last )
Notes
Used to +Inf. = something happen regularly in the past but no longer happens.( Past ended action )
Used to = something that was true in the past but is not true anymore .
I am doing = we say that we have already decided and arranged to do these things.
I am going to = when we have already decided to do something or when we intend to do it
( But perhaps not arranged to do it )
Be going to = I intend or planned to do it but did not do it .
Go + verb + ing. ( to form certain expression . Ex. Go swimming – Go fishing – Go shopping )
I am used to (doing) something = Something is not strange or new for me . ( Still doing the action )
I am used to do something = I did something regularly in the past but not longer do it .
Use (A / An ) with singular countable nouns.
Do not use singular countable nouns alone (without a , an ,the , ...)
Do not use ( A / An ) with uncountable nouns .
Use ( many / few ) or ( some / any ) with plural countable nouns .
Use ( much / little ) or ( some / any ) with uncountable nouns .
Coffee , tea , beer , juice , … etc. are normally uncountable .
( News , Athletics , gymnastics , Mathematics , math’s , Physics , Electronics , Politics )
Uncountable , not plural .
( The )
used for specially , (A / An )
used for general.
( The + adjective ) to talk about group of people.
(The + nationality ) to mean “ The people of the country “
Do not use “ the “ with names of people .
( ’S ) We normally use for people or animals can also with time expressions.
Afraid to do something = I do not want to do something because it is dangerous
or the result could be bad.
Afraid of something happening = it is possible that something bad will happen .
Interested in doing something = I am thinking of doing it , I would like to do it .
See somebody do something .
‫شاهد الحدث كله من أوله إلى أخره‬
See somebody doing something .
‫شاهد جنء من الحدث فقط‬
Sorry to + inf. But
Sorry for + Verb. + Ing.
( it’s no use – it’s no good – there’s no point in – a waste of money – it’s not worth – have difficultya waste of time ) + Verb + Ing.
 Need to do something = It is necessary for me to do it .
 Something needs doing = something needs to be done .
 It is the time you did something = You should have done it already or started it .
 I would like …= Is a polite way of saying what we want.
 Won’t +verb … used to express refusal in the present or future.
 Would not + verb … used to express past refusal.
 Will + verb (inf.) / Be + willing + to + inf. ….. used to express present or future willingness .
 I hope = generally use the present simple tense.
 Every, All, Whole …
Used with time words.
 Every = used for people OR things, But Every one = used only for people.
 Each = Used when we think of things as a group, usual used for a small number, used for two
things.
 Every = Used when we think of things as a group, usual used for a large number, used to say how
often something happen.
 Everybody, Everyone, everything ,…… Are singular not plural.
 ( Much + Little ) = used with singular nouns, BUT (Many + Few) = used with plural nouns.
 ( Only a little + Only a few ) = Have a negative meaning.
 ( A lot of / Lots of / Plenty of = more than enough ) = Used with singular and plural nouns.
 Transitive verb. (v.t): Requires an object to complete the meaning.
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Object: Who received the action OR who affected by the action.
Intransitive verb. (v.i): Doesn’t need an object.
Don’t use (TO) with “home – downtown “ Ex. He left home when he was a child.
Clause: Is a group of words that has sub. + Verb. And used as apart of a sentence.
Accept / Except: (Accept =to take =to receive/ Except =to leave out =but =excluding =not including
)
Gerund: Can be used as the subject of sentence, it can be made negative be placing Not before
gerund, May be used as the object of a preposition.
Ex. 1-Thank you for being my friend.
2- We were happy about not having homework.
‫ ( …………… أفعال الحواس يأتي بعدها صفة‬Feel – look – listen – hear )
Unless = If … not
For ….. Show duration of time.
In …… Show how long it takes to do something.
Give a ring ……. Call on the telephone.
Clause : Is a complete sentence ( verb + sub + complement )
Phrase : is a complement ( don’t contain Verb + sub )