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Chapter 16 A New Birth of Freedom, 1862-1865 (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved The “Contrabands” Slaves considered “contraband of war” Most Union commanders allowed escaped slaves to enter their camps March 1862, Congress forbade the return of slaves who entered the Union lines Emancipation Issue John C. Frémont frees slaves of Missouri rebels, Lincoln hastily countermands that Lincoln’s offer of “compensated emancipation” to the border states Border states rejected Lincoln’s ultimatum The Decision: Pushed by other Republicans and field commanders Lincoln: prepared his Emancipation Proclamation The Battle of Antietam/Sharpsburg Robert E. Lee – Starts to invade Maryland – September 4, 1862 Hoped to gain foreign recognition of the CSA Had split army: sent 3 sections to Harper’s Ferry under Stonewall Jackson George B. McClellan Union soldiers found copy of Lee’s orders A cautious leader Hoped to attack before Lee could reunite army (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved ▪ Union forces outnumbered Confederates 2:1 ▪ Lee pushed back to Sharpsburg ▪ Stonewall Jackson is victorious at Harper’s Ferry ; ▪ ▪ ▪ some troops rejoin Lee Draw: Lee withdraws to Virginia and McClellan does not pursue 23,000 casualties in total; the bloodiest single day in US history Britain and France decide not to recognize the CSA Confederate dead after the Battle of Antietam, September 1862 Photograph by Alexander Gardner, an assistant of Mathew Brady The Emancipation Proclamation Announced on September 22, 1862 Went into effect January 1, 1863 Only freed slaves in areas under rebellion Northern soldiers became an army of liberation Emancipation Confirmed 1863 elections endorsed Emancipation Thirteenth Amendment Abolished slavery in the United States and gave Congress the authority to enforce it Final Congressional passage after 1864 elections Ratified by states December 1865 A Winter of Discontent: 1863 Ambrose E. Burnside replaced McClellan Ulysses S. Grant and William T. Sherman Western Front - flounder for 3 months Stones River (Murfreesboro) – Dec. 31, 1862 – Jan. 3, 1863 Mistake by Lincoln Fredericksburg, Virginia : Confederate victory; 12,000 Union casualties Civil War Music William S. Rosecrans (USA) vs. Braxton Bragg (CSA) 3-day battle resulting in a Union victory “Slaughter pen”: about 24,000 casualties Lincoln’s support waned significantly in winter, 1863 Copperheads = Democrats who wanted Lincoln to negotiate peace and retract emancipation The Wartime Draft and Class Tensions Confederate draft – April 1862 Paid substitutes; abolished December 23, 1862 Twenty Negro Law “Rich man’s war, poor man’s fight” Paying for the war fell on wealthy Wealthy lost more Planter class volunteered in high numbers Draft dodgers tended to be poor Union draft Bounty jumpers Substitutes Pay for exemption Democrats inflame tensions over draft – encouraged workers to oppose the draft; violence in some cities Blueprint for Modern America 37th Congress passed the following laws in 1862: Homestead Act Morrill Land-Grant College Act Up to 160 acres granted to farmers who worked and improved the land for five years Gave each state 30,000 acres per US Congress member from the state; proceeds from land sales went to establish agricultural and mechanical colleges Pacific Railroad Act Granted land and loans to Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads to build a transcontinental railroad from Omaha to Sacramento (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved Women and the War Union army hospital at Armory Square, Washington, D.C. Clara Barton Rose O’Neal Greenhow served as a Confederate spy • Soldiers • Clerical jobs • Women’s Central Association for Relief The Battle of Chancellorsville: May 2 - 6, 1863 Army of the Potomac – Joseph Hooker Army of Northern Virginia - Lee 29,600 casualties, including the death of Stonewall Jackson Lee turned troops as Hooker attacked his rear flank; took the offensive Last major victory for Lee “Stonewall” Jackson led 28,000 men into the Wilderness and destroyed the Union’s right flank Lee: “He has lost his left arm, but I have lost my right arm.” Lee tries to invade the North again (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved The Gettysburg Campaign Lee invades north June 1863 Lee’s forces meet Union army under George Gordon Meade July 1, 1863 Union pushed back to Cemetery Ridge; Confederates wait until the next day to attack James Longstreet (CSA) advises against a second attack – July 2 Believing his army invincible, Lee orders attacks on union flanks; they fail July 3: “Pickett’s Charge” attacked the center of Cemetery Ridge; failed, most of George E. Pickett’s men killed Lee retreats July 4, 1863 50,000 casualties (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved The “High Tide of the Confederacy” is depicted in this painting of Pickett’s Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg, July 1863 (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved Surgeon performs amputation after the Battle of Gettysburg (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved Vicksburg Campaign, April-July 1863 (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved The Vicksburg Campaign Trapped Confederates; siege to wear them down – May 22, 1863 Citizens of Vicksburg Joseph Johnston Confederate leader Surrendered Vicksburg July 4, 1863 July 9 Port Hudson surrendered, giving the Union control of the Mississippi (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved Road to Chickamauga, June-September 1863 (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved Chickamauga and Chattanooga Fall 1863 Chickamauga: Confederate ambush Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge Union General Rosecrans and Confederate General Bragg Union army retreats to Chattanooga Grant appointed general-in-chief of Union Army Union received reinforcements; sets up new supply line Confederates unable to turn big guns downward as Union soldiers swarm Missionary Ridge Confederates lose Chattanooga, “Gateway to the Lower South” Sherman set-up base of operations for Atlanta campaign (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved African American recruiting poster (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved Black Men in Blue Field commanders start forming Black regiments from slaves they freed Non-combat roles Paid less than whites Officers were white Blacks in combat confirmed by the Emancipation Proclamation 54th Massachusetts Infantry Frederick Douglass’ sons Ft. Wagner – part of the protection of Charleston Robert Gould Shaw 50% casualties Battle of Olustee in Florida Approximately 200,000 served in army and navy; 23 awarded the Medal of Honor 4th U.S. Colored Infantry, E Company (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved 1864 Grant vs. Lee in Virginia: Stalemate/War of attrition The Wilderness – May 5 and 6 Spotsylvania 12 day stalemate – trench warfare 30,000 casualties Cold Harbor: Lee skillfully anticipated Grant’s move and blocked his offensive strikes Confederates claimed victory; 25,000 to 30,000 casualties 7, 000 Union soldiers dead or wounded The Atlanta Campaign William T. Sherman (USA), Joseph E. Johnston (CSA), John Bell Hood (CSA) Month-long siege beginning September 1864 Peachtree Street in Atlanta after Union forces forced the civilian evacuation of the city in September 1864 National Archives (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved Peace Overtures and the 1864 Election Horace Greeley U.S. sentiments yearned for peace Lincoln refused to drop the Emancipation Proclamation as a condition of peace Democrats nominated McClellan for President Lincoln re-elected 55% of the popular vote Large absentee soldier vote for Lincoln Second Inaugural speech (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved The Prisoner-Exchange Controversy First part of war prisoners were exchanged, no large prison camps needed Exchange ends after Confederates threaten to kill black soldiers and their white officers Prison camps Overcrowded, poorly constructed 12% of Confederate prisoners died, 16% of Union Andersonville – most notorious prison; 13,000 prisoners die Lincoln refuses to renew exchanges unless black and white prisoners treated the same (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved Andersonville (Ga.) Prison, August 1864 (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved Burial of Union Prisoners at Andersonville Prison (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved The End for the Confederacy From Atlanta to the Sea: Sherman’s March March 2, 1865 – Shenandoah Valley controlled by Union December 24, 1864: Sherman wires Lincoln that Savannah is his Christmas gift to the Union Sherman’s march of destruction from Savannah into South Carolina Philip Sheridan, charismatic Union leader wins; destroys Shenandoah Valley crops Hood invades Tennessee, hoping to win it for the Confederacy Disastrous defeats at Franklin and Nashville Retreats to Mississippi and resigns (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved Recently freed slave children in Charleston, South Carolina, February 1865 (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved Union soldiers in Richmond, Virginia, April 1865 (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved Appomattox Court House, VA Lee’s army starving; soldiers deserting Lee abandons Richmond and Petersburg Hoped to reunite with Johnston, but cut off by Sheridan (USA) Lee surrenders to Grant – April 9, 1865 (Palm Sunday) Wilmer and Virginia McLean’s House Florida’s Role in the Civil War Stephen Mallory was the Confederate Secretary of the Navy; knew could not defend Florida coast Approximately 15,000 Floridians fought in the war About 1,209 whites and 1,044 African-Americans from Florida served in the Union Army Florida provided cattle and salt to the Confederacy Key West did not secede; Ft. Taylor provided supplies to the Union Ft. Pickens in Pensacola stayed in Union control Florida sailors like Captain James McKay were exempt from service since they smuggled cattle to Spanish Cuba for gold and supplies Battle of Olustee: the largest battle in Florida's Civil War, Confederate troops crushed the Union advance and sent the Federal troops retreating to Jacksonville February 20, 1864 Bloody battle; approximately 2800 casualties 54th Massachusetts participated The Assassination of Lincoln Ford’s Theatre, April 1865 John Wilkes Booth Conspiracy extended to Vice President Andrew Johnson and Secretary of State Seward Artist’s conception of the Lincoln assassination (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved Wanted poster for the assassination conspirators • Dr. Samuel Mudd • • (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved Imprisoned Ft. Jefferson in the Dry Tortugas; became prison doctor after a yellow fever epidemic in 1867 Pardoned by Pres. Johnson in 1869; elected to Maryland’s legislature in 1876 The Lincoln conspirators on the gallows awaiting execution (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved Confederate armies continued to surrender April – June Jefferson Davis captured in Georgia Judah P. Benjamin, Confederate Secretary of State, took refuge at the Gamble Plantation Conclusion Civil War cost ≈ 625,000 lives Since 1865, no state has seriously threatened secession 1865: Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery and ensured liberty of all Americans Regional transfer of power from South to North