Download CH 16 1862 to 1865

Chapter 16
A New Birth of Freedom,
1862-1865
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
The “Contrabands”
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Slaves considered “contraband of war”
Most Union commanders allowed escaped slaves to
enter their camps
 March 1862, Congress forbade the return of slaves
who entered the Union lines
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Emancipation Issue
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John C. Frémont frees slaves of Missouri rebels,
Lincoln hastily countermands that
Lincoln’s offer of “compensated emancipation” to
the border states
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Border states rejected Lincoln’s ultimatum
The Decision:
Pushed by other Republicans and field commanders
 Lincoln: prepared his Emancipation Proclamation
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The Battle of Antietam/Sharpsburg
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Robert E. Lee – Starts to invade Maryland –
September 4, 1862
Hoped to gain foreign recognition of the CSA
 Had split army: sent 3 sections to Harper’s Ferry under
Stonewall Jackson
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George B. McClellan
Union soldiers found copy of Lee’s orders
 A cautious leader
 Hoped to attack before Lee could reunite army
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(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
▪ Union forces outnumbered Confederates 2:1
▪ Lee pushed back to Sharpsburg
▪ Stonewall Jackson is victorious at Harper’s Ferry ;
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some troops rejoin Lee
Draw: Lee withdraws to Virginia and McClellan
does not pursue
23,000 casualties in total; the bloodiest single day
in US history
Britain and France decide not to recognize the
CSA
Confederate dead after the Battle of Antietam, September 1862
Photograph by Alexander Gardner, an assistant of Mathew Brady
The Emancipation Proclamation
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Announced on September 22, 1862
Went into effect January 1, 1863
Only freed slaves in areas under rebellion
Northern soldiers became an army of liberation
Emancipation Confirmed
1863 elections endorsed Emancipation
 Thirteenth Amendment
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Abolished slavery in the United States and gave Congress the
authority to enforce it
 Final Congressional passage after 1864 elections
 Ratified by states December 1865
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A Winter of Discontent: 1863
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Ambrose E. Burnside replaced McClellan
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Ulysses S. Grant and William T. Sherman
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Western Front - flounder for 3 months
Stones River (Murfreesboro) – Dec. 31, 1862 – Jan. 3, 1863
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Mistake by Lincoln
Fredericksburg, Virginia : Confederate victory; 12,000 Union
casualties
Civil War Music
William S. Rosecrans (USA) vs. Braxton Bragg (CSA)
3-day battle resulting in a Union victory
“Slaughter pen”: about 24,000 casualties
Lincoln’s support waned significantly in winter, 1863
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Copperheads = Democrats who wanted Lincoln to negotiate peace
and retract emancipation
The Wartime Draft and Class Tensions
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Confederate draft – April 1862
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Paid substitutes; abolished December 23, 1862
Twenty Negro Law
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“Rich man’s war, poor man’s fight”
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Paying for the war fell on wealthy
Wealthy lost more
Planter class volunteered in high numbers
Draft dodgers tended to be poor
Union draft
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Bounty jumpers
Substitutes
Pay for exemption
Democrats inflame tensions over draft – encouraged workers to
oppose the draft; violence in some cities
Blueprint for Modern America
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37th Congress passed the following laws in 1862:
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Homestead Act
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Morrill Land-Grant College Act
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Up to 160 acres granted to farmers who worked and
improved the land for five years
Gave each state 30,000 acres per US Congress member
from the state; proceeds from land sales went to establish
agricultural and mechanical colleges
Pacific Railroad Act
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Granted land and loans to Union Pacific and Central Pacific
Railroads to build a transcontinental railroad from Omaha
to Sacramento
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Women and the War
Union army hospital at Armory Square,
Washington, D.C.
Clara Barton
Rose O’Neal Greenhow served as a
Confederate spy
• Soldiers
• Clerical jobs
• Women’s Central Association for Relief
The Battle of Chancellorsville: May 2 - 6, 1863
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Army of the Potomac – Joseph Hooker
Army of Northern Virginia - Lee
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29,600 casualties, including the death of Stonewall Jackson
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Lee turned troops as Hooker attacked his rear flank; took the
offensive
Last major victory for Lee
“Stonewall” Jackson led 28,000 men into the Wilderness and
destroyed the Union’s right flank
Lee: “He has lost his left arm, but I have lost my right arm.”
Lee tries to invade the North again
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The Gettysburg Campaign
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Lee invades north June 1863
Lee’s forces meet Union army under George Gordon Meade July
1, 1863
Union pushed back to Cemetery Ridge; Confederates wait until
the next day to attack
James Longstreet (CSA) advises against a second attack – July 2
Believing his army invincible, Lee orders attacks on union flanks;
they fail
July 3: “Pickett’s Charge” attacked the center of Cemetery Ridge;
failed, most of George E. Pickett’s men killed
Lee retreats July 4, 1863
50,000 casualties
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The “High Tide of the Confederacy” is depicted in this painting
of Pickett’s Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg, July 1863
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Surgeon performs amputation after the Battle of Gettysburg
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Vicksburg Campaign, April-July 1863
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The Vicksburg Campaign
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Trapped Confederates; siege to wear them down –
May 22, 1863
Citizens of Vicksburg
Joseph Johnston
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Confederate leader
Surrendered Vicksburg July 4, 1863
July 9 Port Hudson surrendered, giving the Union control
of the Mississippi
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Road to Chickamauga, June-September 1863
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Chickamauga and Chattanooga
Fall 1863
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Chickamauga: Confederate ambush
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Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge
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Union General Rosecrans and Confederate General Bragg
Union army retreats to Chattanooga
Grant appointed general-in-chief of Union Army
Union received reinforcements; sets up new supply line
Confederates unable to turn big guns downward as Union
soldiers swarm Missionary Ridge
Confederates lose Chattanooga, “Gateway to the Lower
South”
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Sherman set-up base of operations for Atlanta campaign
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African American recruiting poster
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Black Men in Blue
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Field commanders start forming Black regiments from slaves
they freed
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Non-combat roles
Paid less than whites
Officers were white
Blacks in combat confirmed by the Emancipation
Proclamation
54th Massachusetts Infantry
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Frederick Douglass’ sons
Ft. Wagner – part of the protection of Charleston
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Robert Gould Shaw
50% casualties
Battle of Olustee in Florida
Approximately 200,000 served in army and navy; 23 awarded
the Medal of Honor
4th U.S. Colored Infantry, E Company
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1864
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Grant vs. Lee in Virginia: Stalemate/War of attrition
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The Wilderness – May 5 and 6
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Spotsylvania
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12 day stalemate – trench warfare
30,000 casualties
Cold Harbor: Lee skillfully anticipated Grant’s move and
blocked his offensive strikes
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Confederates claimed victory; 25,000 to 30,000 casualties
7, 000 Union soldiers dead or wounded
The Atlanta Campaign
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William T. Sherman (USA), Joseph E. Johnston (CSA), John
Bell Hood (CSA)
Month-long siege beginning September 1864
Peachtree Street in Atlanta after Union forces forced the civilian
evacuation of the city in September 1864
National Archives
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
Peace Overtures and the 1864 Election
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Horace Greeley
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U.S. sentiments yearned for peace
Lincoln refused to drop the Emancipation
Proclamation as a condition of peace
Democrats nominated McClellan for President
Lincoln re-elected
55% of the popular vote
 Large absentee soldier vote for Lincoln
 Second Inaugural speech
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The Prisoner-Exchange Controversy
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First part of war prisoners were exchanged, no large
prison camps needed
Exchange ends after Confederates threaten to kill black
soldiers and their white officers
Prison camps
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Overcrowded, poorly constructed
12% of Confederate prisoners died, 16% of Union
Andersonville – most notorious prison; 13,000 prisoners die
Lincoln refuses to renew exchanges unless black and white
prisoners treated the same
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Andersonville (Ga.) Prison, August 1864
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Burial of Union Prisoners at Andersonville Prison
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The End for the Confederacy
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From Atlanta to the Sea: Sherman’s March
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March 2, 1865 – Shenandoah Valley controlled by Union
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December 24, 1864: Sherman wires Lincoln that Savannah is his
Christmas gift to the Union
Sherman’s march of destruction from Savannah into South
Carolina
Philip Sheridan, charismatic Union leader wins; destroys
Shenandoah Valley crops
Hood invades Tennessee, hoping to win it for the
Confederacy
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Disastrous defeats at Franklin and Nashville
Retreats to Mississippi and resigns
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Recently freed slave children in Charleston, South Carolina, February
1865
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Union soldiers in Richmond, Virginia, April 1865
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Appomattox Court House, VA
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Lee’s army starving; soldiers deserting
Lee abandons Richmond and Petersburg
Hoped to reunite with Johnston, but cut off by
Sheridan (USA)
Lee surrenders to Grant – April 9, 1865 (Palm
Sunday)
Wilmer and Virginia McLean’s House
Florida’s Role in the Civil War
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Stephen Mallory was the Confederate Secretary of the Navy; knew
could not defend Florida coast
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Approximately 15,000 Floridians fought in the war
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About 1,209 whites and 1,044 African-Americans from Florida served in the
Union Army
Florida provided cattle and salt to the Confederacy
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Key West did not secede; Ft. Taylor provided supplies to the Union
Ft. Pickens in Pensacola stayed in Union control
Florida sailors like Captain James McKay were exempt from service since
they smuggled cattle to Spanish Cuba for gold and supplies
Battle of Olustee: the largest battle in Florida's Civil War,
Confederate troops crushed the Union advance and sent the Federal
troops retreating to Jacksonville
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February 20, 1864
Bloody battle; approximately 2800 casualties
54th Massachusetts participated
The Assassination of Lincoln
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Ford’s Theatre, April 1865
John Wilkes Booth
Conspiracy extended to Vice President Andrew
Johnson and Secretary of State Seward
Artist’s conception of the
Lincoln assassination
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Wanted poster for the assassination
conspirators
• Dr. Samuel Mudd
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Imprisoned Ft. Jefferson in the
Dry Tortugas; became prison
doctor after a yellow fever epidemic
in 1867
Pardoned by Pres. Johnson in 1869;
elected to Maryland’s legislature in
1876
The Lincoln conspirators on the gallows awaiting execution
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
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Confederate armies continued to surrender April –
June
Jefferson Davis captured in Georgia
 Judah P. Benjamin, Confederate Secretary of State,
took refuge at the Gamble Plantation
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Conclusion
Civil War cost ≈ 625,000 lives
 Since 1865, no state has seriously threatened secession
 1865: Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery and
ensured liberty of all Americans
 Regional transfer of power from South to North
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