Download Climate change-International efforts

Climate Change
- International Efforts
Direct
Observation
of Climate
Change
Source: IPCC 4AR
United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change
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Sets an overall framework for intergovernmental
efforts to tackle the challenge posed by climate
change.
192 countries ratified
Enter into forces: 21 March 1994
UNFCCC
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Under the Convention, governments:
gather and share information on greenhouse gas
emissions, national policies and best practices
 launch national strategies for addressing greenhouse
gas emissions and adapting to expected impacts,
including the provision of financial and
technological support to developing countries
 cooperate in preparing for adaptation to the impacts
of climate change
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UNFCCC - Principles
Article 3.1
 The Parties should protect the climate system
for the benefit of present and future generations
of humankind, on the basis of equity and in
accordance with their common but
differentiated responsibilities and respective
capabilities. Accordingly, the developed country
Parties should take the lead in combating climate
change and the adverse effects thereof.
UNFCCC – Annex I Parties
Australia, Austria , Belarus* , Belgium, Bulgaria* , Canada,
Czechoslovakia*, Denmark, European Economic Community,
Estonia*, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary*,
Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia*, Lithuania*,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland*,
Portugal, Romania*, Russian Federation*, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine*, United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America
*Countries that are undergoing the process of transition to a
market economy.
UNFCCC – Other Parties
Parties not in Annex I (Examples in Asia)
China (including Hong Kong), South Korea,
Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, ……
UNFCCC - Commitments
Article 4
…
4.2
The developed country Parties … shall provide new and additional
financial resources to meet the agreed full costs incurred by developing
country Parties in (preparation of national communications). They shall also
provide such financial resources, including for the transfer of technology,
needed by the developing country Parties to meet the agreed full incremental
costs of implementing measures that are covered by paragraph 1 of this
Article …
4.3
The developed country Parties … shall also assist the developing
country Parties that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of
climate change in meeting costs of adaptation to those adverse effects.
4.4
The developed country Parties … shall take all practicable steps to
promote, facilitate and finance, as appropriate, the transfer of, or access to,
environmentally sound technologies and know-how to other Parties,
particularly developing country Parties, to enable them to implement the
provisions of the Convention…
…
Kyoto Protocol
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An international legal instrument under UNFCCC
 UNFCCC encouraged industrialised countries to stabilize GHG
emissions
 KP commits them to do so
Sets binding targets for 37 industrialized countries and the European
community for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions - an average
of five per cent against 1990 levels over the five-year period 2008-2012
 Recognizing that developed countries are principally responsible for the
current high levels of GHG emissions in the atmosphere as a result of
more than 150 years of industrial activity, the Protocol places a heavier
burden on developed nations under the principle of “common but
differentiated responsibilities.”
Adopted on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February
2005.
182 Parties of the Convention have ratified its Protocol to date.
The detailed rules for the implementation of the Protocol were adopted
at COP 7 in Marrakesh in 2001, and are called the “Marrakesh Accords.”
Source: UNFCCC Website, www.unfccc.int
KP – Emissions Targets
Country
Target (1990 - 2008/2012)
EU-15, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia,
Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Monaco,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland
-8%
US
-7%
Canada, Hungary, Japan, Poland
-6%
Croatia
-5%
New Zealand, Russian Federation, Ukraine
0
Norway
+1%
Australia
+8%
Iceland
+10%
Source: UNFCCC Website, www.unfccc.int
KP - Kyoto Mechanisms
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Countries must meet their targets primarily
through national measures. However, the Kyoto
Protocol offers them an additional means of
meeting their targets by way of three market-based
mechanisms.
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Emissions trading – known as “the carbon market”
the clean development mechanism (CDM)
joint implementation (JI).
The mechanisms help stimulate green investment
and help Parties meet their emission targets in a
cost-effective way.
Source: UNFCCC Website, www.unfccc.int
KP – Emissions Trading
Source: CDM in Charts ver. 6.0 Aug 2008
http://enviroscope.iges.or.jp/modules/envirolib/upload/835/attach/charts.pdf
KP – Clean Development
Mechanism
Source: CDM in Charts ver. 6.0 Aug 2008
http://enviroscope.iges.or.jp/modules/envirolib/upload/835/attach/charts.pdf
KP – Joint Implementation
Source: CDM in Charts ver. 6.0 Aug 2008
http://enviroscope.iges.or.jp/modules/envirolib/upload/835/attach/charts.pdf
KP – Progress
Source: UNFCCC Website, www.unfccc.int
UNFCCC / KP – Bali Action Plan
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To launch a comprehensive process to enable
the full, effective and sustained implementation
of the Convention through long-term
cooperative action, now, up to and beyond 2012,
in order to reach an agreed outcome and adopt a
decision by 2009 (in Copenhagen)
Bali Action Plan – Goal of Future
Cooperation
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A long-term global goal for emission reductions
in accordance with the principle of common but
differentiated responsibilities and respective
capabilities, and taking into account social and
economic conditions and other relevant factors
Bali Action Plan – Components of
Future Cooperation
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Mitigation - mitigation commitments by all developed
country Parties; mitigation actions by developing
country Parties
Adaptation - international cooperation to support
urgent implementation of adaptation actions; risk
management and risk reduction strategies
Technology transfer - effective mechanisms and
enhanced means for development and transfer of
technology to developing country Parties
Financial - improved access to adequate, predictable
and sustainable financial resources for developing
country Parties
Future
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What will the future international cooperation
on climate change be like?