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1 Chapter 5 Tissues 2 Introduction • Tissue: groups of cells with similar function • Histology: study of tissues • Tissue types – Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous 3 Epithelial Tissue 4 Introduction • • • • Protects underlying tissues Absorbs nutrients Secretes hormones, mucus, enzymes Excretes waste 5 Introduction (cont’d.) • Basement membrane: anchor • Named according to shape, arrangement, function • Cells are closely packed 6 Classification Based on Shape • Squamous: flat (protection) • Cuboidal: cube shaped (protection and secretion) • Columnar: tall and rectangular (secretion and absorption) 7 Classification Based on Shape (cont’d.) Squamous epithelial cells (Photo © Robert Knauft/Biology Pics/Science Source) 8 Classification Based on Shape (cont’d.) Cuboidal epithelial cells (Photo © Biophoto Associates/Science Source) 9 Classification Based on Shape (cont’d.) Columnar epithelial cells (Photo © Biophoto Associates/Science Source) 10 Classification Based on Arrangement • Simple: one cell layer • Stratified: several layers • Pseudostratified: appears to be several layers but is not • Transitional: several layers of easily stretched cells 11 Classification Based on Arrangement (cont’d.) Pseudostratified ciliated, columnar epithelium (Photo © Steve Gschmeissner/Science Source) 12 Classification Based on Arrangement (cont’d.) Transitional epithelium (Photo © Biophoto Associates/Science Source) 13 Classification Based on Function • • • • Mucous membrane: mucus production Exocrine glands: simple and compound Endocrine: hormone secretion Endothelium: lines vessels – Endocardium • Mesothelium (serous): lines great cavities 14 Connective Tissue 15 Introduction • Cells with large amount of intercellular material • Matrix embedded with: – Collagen – Elastin • Subgroups: loose, dense, specialized 16 Loose Connective Tissue • Fills space between and penetrates organs • Areolar: injury repair, phagocytosis, inflammatory response – Fibroblasts, histiocytes, mast cells • Adipose: fat storage • Reticular: framework 17 Loose Connective Tissue (cont’d.) Areolar (loose) connective tissue (Photo © Biophoto Associates/Science Source) 18 Dense Connective Tissue • Regular arrangement – Tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses • Irregular arrangement – Muscle sheaths, joint capsules, fascia 19 Dense Connective Tissue (cont’d.) Tendon (dense) connective tissue (Photo © Biophoto Associates/Science Source) 20 Specialized Connective Tissue • Cartilage – Cells called chondrocytes • Found in lacunae – Types • Hyaline: ribs, nose, trachea • Fibrocartilage: intervertebral disks • Elastic: ears, auditory tubes, epiglottis 21 Specialized Connective Tissue (cont’d.) • Bone – Compact – Cancellous – Mineral salts: especially calcium and phosphorus • Teeth – Dentin – Enamel 22 Specialized Connective Tissue (cont’d.) Bone (osseus tissue) (Photo © Michael Ross/Science Source) 23 Specialized Connective Tissue (cont’d.) • Blood: fluid portion and formed elements • Lymphoid: antibody production and disease protection • Reticuloendothelial system: phagocytosis – Kupffer cells in liver – Macrophages – Neuroglia • Synovial: lines joints 24 Connective Tissue Functions • Support – Bones, cartilage • Nourishment – Blood • Transportation – Blood • Connection – Tendons, ligaments 25 Connective Tissue Functions (cont’d.) • Movement – Bones, tendons • Protection and insulation – Bones, blood, fat • Storage – Bone, fat • Attachment and separation – Attaches skin to muscle 26 Muscle Tissue 27 Muscle Tissue (cont’d.) • Smooth – Spindle-shaped, single nucleus – Not striated – Involuntary – Digestive tract, arteries and veins, ureters – Peristalsis 28 Muscle Tissue (cont’d.) Smooth (nonstriated involuntary) muscle (Photo © Biophoto Associates/Science Source) 29 Muscle Tissue (cont’d.) • Striated (skeletal) – Long thin cells – Multinucleated and striated – Actin and myosin – Voluntary – Movement by pulling on bones 30 Muscle Tissue (cont’d.) Skeletal (striated voluntary) muscle (Photo © Eric V. Grave/Science Source) 31 Muscle Tissue (cont’d.) • Cardiac – Only in the heart – Uninucleated and striated – Involuntary – Cylindrical shape • Connected to other cardiac muscle cells by intercalated disks 32 Muscle Tissue (cont’d.) Cardiac muscle (Photo © Biophoto Associates/Science Source) 33 Nervous Tissue 34 Nervous Tissue (cont’d.) • Neurons – Conducting cells – Very long: called nerve fibers – Parts • Cell body: contains nucleus • Dendrites: rootlike extensions that receive stimuli • Axons: long thin extensions that transmit impulse 35 Nervous Tissue (cont’d.) • Neuroglia: supporting cells • Nervous tissue – Makes up brain, spinal cord, and nerves – Is most highly organized tissue of the body – Controls and coordinates body activities – Allows perception – Controls emotion and reasoning – Stores memories 36 Nervous Tissue (cont’d.) Motor neuron (Photo © Biophoto Associates/Science Source) 37 Summary • Introduced the concept of tissues and how to classify tissues • Classified epithelial tissue based on shape and arrangement • Described the three major types of connective tissue • Described the three types of muscle tissue • Discussed nervous tissue and its functions 38