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Chapter 5
Tissues
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Introduction
• Tissue: groups of cells with similar function
• Histology: study of tissues
• Tissue types
– Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
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Epithelial Tissue
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Introduction
•
•
•
•
Protects underlying tissues
Absorbs nutrients
Secretes hormones, mucus, enzymes
Excretes waste
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Introduction (cont’d.)
• Basement membrane: anchor
• Named according to shape, arrangement,
function
• Cells are closely packed
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Classification Based on Shape
• Squamous: flat (protection)
• Cuboidal: cube shaped (protection and
secretion)
• Columnar: tall and rectangular (secretion
and absorption)
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Classification Based on Shape
(cont’d.)
Squamous epithelial cells
(Photo © Robert Knauft/Biology Pics/Science Source)
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Classification Based on Shape
(cont’d.)
Cuboidal epithelial cells
(Photo © Biophoto Associates/Science Source)
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Classification Based on Shape
(cont’d.)
Columnar epithelial cells
(Photo © Biophoto Associates/Science Source)
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Classification Based on
Arrangement
• Simple: one cell layer
• Stratified: several layers
• Pseudostratified: appears to be several
layers but is not
• Transitional: several layers of easily
stretched cells
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Classification Based on
Arrangement (cont’d.)
Pseudostratified ciliated, columnar epithelium
(Photo © Steve Gschmeissner/Science Source)
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Classification Based on
Arrangement (cont’d.)
Transitional epithelium
(Photo © Biophoto Associates/Science Source)
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Classification Based on Function
•
•
•
•
Mucous membrane: mucus production
Exocrine glands: simple and compound
Endocrine: hormone secretion
Endothelium: lines vessels
– Endocardium
• Mesothelium (serous): lines great cavities
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Connective Tissue
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Introduction
• Cells with large amount of intercellular
material
• Matrix embedded with:
– Collagen
– Elastin
• Subgroups: loose, dense, specialized
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Loose Connective Tissue
• Fills space between and penetrates
organs
• Areolar: injury repair, phagocytosis,
inflammatory response
– Fibroblasts, histiocytes, mast cells
• Adipose: fat storage
• Reticular: framework
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Loose Connective Tissue (cont’d.)
Areolar (loose) connective tissue
(Photo © Biophoto Associates/Science Source)
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Dense Connective Tissue
• Regular arrangement
– Tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses
• Irregular arrangement
– Muscle sheaths, joint capsules, fascia
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Dense Connective Tissue (cont’d.)
Tendon (dense) connective tissue
(Photo © Biophoto Associates/Science Source)
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Specialized Connective Tissue
• Cartilage
– Cells called chondrocytes
• Found in lacunae
– Types
• Hyaline: ribs, nose, trachea
• Fibrocartilage: intervertebral disks
• Elastic: ears, auditory tubes, epiglottis
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Specialized Connective Tissue
(cont’d.)
• Bone
– Compact
– Cancellous
– Mineral salts: especially calcium and
phosphorus
• Teeth
– Dentin
– Enamel
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Specialized Connective Tissue
(cont’d.)
Bone (osseus tissue)
(Photo © Michael Ross/Science Source)
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Specialized Connective Tissue
(cont’d.)
• Blood: fluid portion and formed elements
• Lymphoid: antibody production and
disease protection
• Reticuloendothelial system: phagocytosis
– Kupffer cells in liver
– Macrophages
– Neuroglia
• Synovial: lines joints
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Connective Tissue Functions
• Support
– Bones, cartilage
• Nourishment
– Blood
• Transportation
– Blood
• Connection
– Tendons, ligaments
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Connective Tissue Functions
(cont’d.)
• Movement
– Bones, tendons
• Protection and insulation
– Bones, blood, fat
• Storage
– Bone, fat
• Attachment and separation
– Attaches skin to muscle
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Muscle Tissue
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Muscle Tissue (cont’d.)
• Smooth
– Spindle-shaped, single nucleus
– Not striated
– Involuntary
– Digestive tract, arteries and veins, ureters
– Peristalsis
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Muscle Tissue (cont’d.)
Smooth (nonstriated involuntary) muscle
(Photo © Biophoto Associates/Science Source)
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Muscle Tissue (cont’d.)
• Striated (skeletal)
– Long thin cells
– Multinucleated and striated
– Actin and myosin
– Voluntary
– Movement by pulling on bones
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Muscle Tissue (cont’d.)
Skeletal (striated voluntary) muscle
(Photo © Eric V. Grave/Science Source)
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Muscle Tissue (cont’d.)
• Cardiac
– Only in the heart
– Uninucleated and striated
– Involuntary
– Cylindrical shape
• Connected to other cardiac muscle cells by
intercalated disks
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Muscle Tissue (cont’d.)
Cardiac muscle
(Photo © Biophoto Associates/Science Source)
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Nervous Tissue
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Nervous Tissue (cont’d.)
• Neurons
– Conducting cells
– Very long: called nerve fibers
– Parts
• Cell body: contains nucleus
• Dendrites: rootlike extensions that receive stimuli
• Axons: long thin extensions that transmit impulse
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Nervous Tissue (cont’d.)
• Neuroglia: supporting cells
• Nervous tissue
– Makes up brain, spinal cord, and nerves
– Is most highly organized tissue of the body
– Controls and coordinates body activities
– Allows perception
– Controls emotion and reasoning
– Stores memories
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Nervous Tissue (cont’d.)
Motor neuron
(Photo © Biophoto Associates/Science Source)
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Summary
• Introduced the concept of tissues and how
to classify tissues
• Classified epithelial tissue based on shape
and arrangement
• Described the three major types of
connective tissue
• Described the three types of muscle tissue
• Discussed nervous tissue and its functions
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