Download Reconstruction - Catawba County Schools

Reconstruction
Key Questions
1. How do we
bring the South
back into the
Union?
2. How do we
rebuild the
South after its
destruction
during the war?
4. What branch
of government
should control
the process of
Reconstruction?
3. How do we
integrate and
protect newlyemancipated
black freedmen?
Definition
• Period of Rebuilding after the
Civil War
• Lasted from 1865-1877
• Problems
– Crushed Southern Economy
– Newly Freed African Americans
Reconstruction
Plans
Lincoln’s Plan
President Lincoln’s Plan
 10% Plan
*
Proclamation of Amnesty and
Reconstruction (December 8, 1863)
*
Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in
the South.
*
He didn’t consult Congress regarding
Reconstruction.
*
Pardon to all but the highest ranking
military and civilian Confederate
officers.
*
When 10% of the voting population in
the 1860 election had taken an oath of
loyalty and established a government, it
would be recognized.
Radical Republicans
•Thought
Lincoln’s Plan
was too easy on
the South
•Goals (must be
met to become
states)
•Make sure
African
Americans can
vote
Charles Sumner
•They will vote
Republican
Thaddeus Stevens
Moderate Republicans
Wade-Davis Bill (1864)
 Thought Lincoln’s plan was too easy but
Radical Republicans went too far
 Required 50% of the number of 1860
voters to take an “iron clad” oath of
allegiance (swearing they had never
voluntarily aided the rebellion ).
Senator
Benjamin
Wade
(R-OH)
 Required a state constitutional
convention before the election of state Congressman
Henry
officials.
W. Davis
 Enacted specific safeguards of
(R-MD)
freedmen’s liberties.
President
Lincoln
Pocket
Veto
Wade-Davis
Bill
13th Amendment
• Ratified in December, 1865.
• Neither slavery nor involuntary
servitude, except as punishment for
crime whereof the party shall have
been duly convicted, shall exist within
the United States or any place subject
to their jurisdiction.
• Congress shall have power to enforce
this article by appropriate legislation.
Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)
 Bureau of Refugees,
Freedmen, and Abandoned
Lands.
 Many former northern
abolitionists risked their
lives to help southern
freedmen by providing
food, shelter, jobs, and
education
 Called “carpetbaggers” by
white southern Democrats.
 NEVER gives land to
former slaves
Freedmen’s Bureau Seen
Through
Southern
Eyes
Plenty to
eat and
nothing to
do.
President Andrew Johnson
 Jacksonian Democrat.
 Anti-Aristocrat.
 White Supremacist.
 Lincoln’s Vice President
 Agreed with Lincoln
that states had never
legally left the Union.
 The first to take
control of
Reconstruction
President Johnson’s Plan (10%+)
 Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except
Confederate civil and military officers and those with
property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to
Johnson)
 In new constitutions, they must accept minimum
conditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts.
 Named provisional governors in Confederate states and
called them to oversee elections for constitutional
conventions.
1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates.
EFFECTS?
2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back
to political power to control state organizations.
3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite
were back in power in the South!
Radical Republicans hate
Johnson’s plan
Many southern states pass Black
Codes which take away all rights
of African Americans
Former Confederate Leaders are
voted back into power
Ex: Alexander Stevens (VP of CSA)
elected Senator
Black Codes kept African
Americans from achieving full
citizenship
• Freed slaves had the right to marry, own
property, work for wages, sue in court
• Denied the right to vote or serve on juries
• Required to work and could be arrested and
hired out to planters if they did not have a
job
• Work was limited to farm labor
• Called for segregation
Black Codes
 Purpose:
*
Guarantee stable labor
supply now that blacks
were emancipated.
*
Restore pre-emancipation
system of race relations.
 Forced many blacks to
become sharecroppers
[tenant farmers].
“Think Tank”
Silent reading time (4 minutes)
– read through Document B: Black Codes by yourself
– http://www.m62.net/wpcontent/uploads/2009/09/m62-clock-countdown3.ppt#275,18,Slide 18
Partner discussion of document
(8 minutes)
– answer the questions on your Guiding questions
sheet with your partner
– http://www.m62.net/wpcontent/uploads/2009/09/m62-clock-countdown3.ppt#271,14,Slide 14
Reconstruction Acts of 1867
 Military Reconstruction Act
*
Restart Reconstruction in the 10 Southern states
that refused to ratify the 14th Amendment.
*
Divide the 10 “unreconstructed states” into 5
military
districts.
March 1867 Radical
Republicans get the Military
Reconstruction Act passed
South is divided into 5 military
districts controlled by a former
Union General
Martial Law is instituted in the
South
Goal: Protect African Americans
th
14
Amendment
 Ratified in July, 1868.
*
Provide a constitutional guarantee of the
rights and security of freed people.
*
Insure against neo-Confederate political
power.
*
Enshrine the national debt while repudiating
that of the Confederacy.
 Southern states would be punished for
denying the right to vote to black
citizens!
Johnson refused to enforce the
Military Reconstruction Act
Radical Republicans pass the
Tenure of Office Act
Johnson violates the Tenure of
Office Act by firing his Secretary
of War
Congress Impeaches Johnson
1 vote shy of removal
Grant Elected
in 1868
President
during most of
Military
Reconstruction
U.S. Grant
15th Amendment
 Ratified in 1870.
 The right of citizens of the United States
to vote shall not be denied or abridged by
the United States or by any state on
account of race, color, or previous condition
of servitude.
 The Congress shall have power to enforce
this article by appropriate legislation.
 Women’s rights groups were furious that
they were not granted the vote!
Congressional Reconstruction
• Civil Rights Act of 1866 – freedmen were full
citizens with same rights as whites
• 14th Amendment – made former slaves citizens
with full rights
• Military Reconstruction – new state governments
in the Confederacy must be elected by blacks
and whites
• Johnson’s Impeachment – allows Congress to
pass more radical programs to assure complete
rights for African Americans
“Think Tank”
• We have discussed the 13th, 14th and 15th
amendments. With your partner, answer
the questions on these amendments.
• You have 5 minutes
http://www.m62.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/m62-clock-countdown3.ppt#274,17,Slide 17
Southern Republicans
Carpetbaggers –
Northern
Republicans who
move south after
the war
Scalawags - White
Southern
Republicans – most
owned small farms and
didn’t want planters back in
power
Life for African Americans
during Reconstruction
• Life is pretty good
• Military protects them (physically
and their right to vote)
• Hiram Revels 1st African
American Senator
• Church becomes center of
African American Social life
• Most desired education
Racism
• The Ku Klux Klan is
formed in 1866
• Goal: to return the
Democratic Party to
power in the South
• Had to keep African
Americans from
voting
• Tactics = Terrorism
“The Invisible
Empire of the South”
The Failure of Federal
Enforcement
 Enforcement Acts of 1870 & 1871
[also known as the KKK Act].
 “The Lost Cause.”
 The rise of the
“Bourbons.”
 Redeemers
(prewar
Democrats and
Union Whigs).
The Civil Rights Act of 1875
 Crime for any individual to deny full &
equal use of public conveyances and
public places.
 Prohibited discrimination in jury
selection.
 Shortcoming  lacked a strong
enforcement mechanism.
 No new civil rights act was attempted
for 90 years!
“Think Tank”
• Silent Reading Time
(5 minutes)
– http://www.m62.net/wpcontent/uploads/2009/09/m62-clockcountdown-3.ppt#274,17,Slide 17
• Discuss with your partner (10 minutes)
– the answers to the questions on documents
C, D and E
http://www.m62.net/wpcontent/uploads/2011/04/Digital_Clock_10_mins.ppt#279,2,Slide 2
Think Tank
Now you have looked at all of the documents
and answered questions about them.
• Form your argument – 20 minutes
– As – you are to take the position that African
Americans WERE free during Reconstruction
– Bs- you are to take the position that African
Americans were NOT free during Reconstruction.
Use the Organizing evidence sheet to write your
main points. You will be convincing others of your
stance so work hard to find the best evidence.
http://people.uncw.edu/ertzbergerj/MS_PowerPoint_Tim
ers-Intros/Countdown_Clock.ppt#363,42,Slide 42
“Think Tank”
10 minutes
As you will present your thoughts and try to
convince Bs that African Americans were
free during Reconstruction.
Bs you will write down As arguments on
your “Organizing Evidence sheet” With two
minutes left you will begin telling the As
what they said to you.
http://people.uncw.edu/ertzbergerj/MS_PowerPoint_Timers-Intros/Winter_Clockv2.ppt#392,53,Slide 53
“Think Tank”
10 minutes
Bs you will present your thoughts and try to
convince Bs that African Americans were
free during Reconstruction.
As you will write down As arguments on
your “Organizing Evidence sheet” With two
minutes left you will begin telling the As
what they said to you.
http://people.uncw.edu/ertzbergerj/MS_PowerPoint_Timers-Intros/Winter_Clockv2.ppt#392,53,Slide 53
“Think Tank”
10 minutes
Now you will try to reach consensus
• Everyone may abandon their positions. In your
group you will attempt to come to an agreed
upon conclusion.
• Use the “Coming to Consensus” sheet to record
your thoughts. Your agreement should address
evidence and arguments from both sides. Don’t
forget to refer back to the documents as
evidence
Be prepared to report to the class
http://people.uncw.edu/ertzbergerj/MS_PowerPoint_Timers-Intros/Winter_Clockv2.ppt#392,53,Slide 53
Northern Support Wanes
 Grant’s Presidency marred
by scandals (ex. Whiskey
Ring).
 People start to associate
the Republican Party with
being crooks
 Panic of 1873 [6-year
depression].
 Concern over westward
expansion and Indian wars.
End of Reconstruction
• Enforcement Acts – helped
African Americans achieve full
citizenship. Made it illegal to
prevent another person from
voting by bribery, force or
intimidation
• Ku Klux Klan – secret society of
whites formed to drive African
Americans out of political life
• Amnesty Act of 1872- permitted
former Confederates to vote which
allowed whites to regain control of
most of the Southern States
• Compromise of 1877 – removed
federal troops from the South and
returned rule throughout the South to
former slave owners
• Poll tax – a high tax that had to be
paid before a person could vote
• Literacy Tests – showed a person
could read before allowing him to
vote, was rigged against African
Americans
• Jim Crow laws – segregated blacks
and whites
• Plessy v Ferguson – declared
separate public facilities were
constitutional as long as they were
equal.
Election of 1876
Republicans:
Rutherford B. Hayes
Hurt by Grant’s Administration
Democrats: Samuel
Tildon
Gains power by appealing to
racism
Tildon was one vote
shy of a majority of
Electoral College
Voters
Compromise of 1877
Election goes to the House
Hayes promises to end military
reconstruction if elected
South votes for Hayes
Hayes removed troops from the
south when he took office