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GLOBAL HISTORY Review - AFRICA 1 BELIEF SYSTEMS: in Africa & Asia Animism Hinduism Buddhism Jainism Confucianism & Daoism Legalism & Shintoism 2 BELIEF SYSTEMS: Animism • Things in Nature have SPIRITS • IMPACT: - Appreciation & respect for things in Nature - Ancient Egyptians prayed to “the God of the Nile … the Giver of Life” 3 PRE-HISTORIC ? ? ? BCE • Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) - 4 million years ago - STONE tools/ CAVES / HUNTING • Neolithic Revolution (30,000 BCE ) - agriculture - begin civilizations - often “subsistence” agriculture 4 Which of the following occurred during the Neolithic Revolution? 1. the change from hunting and food-gathering to farming 2. a war for independence 3. a rejection of Paleolithic values by Neolithic people 4. the movement of people across the land bridge from North America to Asia 5 Which of the following occurred during the Neolithic Revolution? 1. the change from hunting and food-gathering to farming 2. a war for independence 3. a rejection of Paleolithic values by Neolithic people 4. the movement of people across the land bridge from North America to Asia . . . Leads to development of cities & later civilizations. . . Ancient Egypt . . 6 The Neolithic Revolution is often considered a turning point in history because (1) city dwellers learned to control fire (2) societies became more nomadic (3) nuclear families evolved into extended families (4) permanent settlements developed in river Valleys 7 The Neolithic Revolution is often considered a turning point in history because (1) city dwellers learned to control fire (2) societies became more nomadic (3) nuclear families evolved into extended families (4) permanent settlements developed in river Valleys 8 What was an important result of the Neolithic Revolution? (1) (2) (3) (4) Food supplies became more reliable. New sources of energy became available. People became more nomadic. Populations declined. 9 What was an important result of the Neolithic Revolution? (1) Food supplies became more reliable. (2) New sources of energy became available. (3) People became more nomadic. (4) Populations declined. 10 What is one characteristic of a society that practices subsistence agriculture? (1) growth of surplus crops for export (2) production of crops mainly for its own use (3) establishment of large state-owned farms (4) dependence on the use of slave labor for the production of crops 11 What is one characteristic of a society that practices subsistence agriculture? (1) growth of surplus crops for export (2) production of crops mainly for its own use (3) establishment of large state-owned farms (4) dependence on the use of slave labor for the production of crops 12 3500 BCE - 500 BCE - Ancient Civilizations • Sumeria & Mesopotamia … Tigris & Euphrates Rivers • Ancient Egypt ... Nile River • India … Indus River • China ... Huang He (Yellow) River 13 14 EARLY CIVILIZATIONS 15 Ancient Civilizations: Sumeria/Mesopotamia • Code of Hammurabi - set of written laws • Cuneiform - writing system 16 Ancient Civilizations: Ancient Egypt • Pharaoh [Absolute Monarch] • • • • Pyramids Hieroglyphics Polytheistic religion Irrigation system 17 18 19 Which would be a primary source of information about Ancient Egypt? 1. A history of ancient Egypt, written by an English scholar 2. Hieroglyphics on a wall inside a pyramid 3. A novel about the love affairs of Cleopatra 4. Your world history book 20 Which would be a primary source of information about Ancient Egypt? 1. A history of ancient Egypt, written by an English scholar 2. Hieroglyphics on a wall inside a pyramid 3. A novel about the love affairs of Cleopatra 4. Your world history book PRIMARY SOURCE = 1st … original source … first hand account … you were there & saw 21 what happened Golden Ages • DEFINITION … great achievements in art, literature, science, math, architecture … etc. • Examples … Gupta, Elizabethan Era, Athens 22 The Age of Pericles in Athens, the Gupta Empire in India, and the Tang dynasty in China all experienced a golden age with 1. advancements in the principles of democratic governments 2. outstanding contributions in the arts and sciences 3. the end of foreign domination 4. the furthest expansion of their borders 23 The Age of Pericles in Athens, the Gupta Empire in India, and the Tang dynasty in China all experienced a golden age with 1. advancements in the principles of democratic governments 2. outstanding contributions in the arts and sciences 3. the end of foreign domination 4. the furthest expansion of their borders 24 Throughout history, many cultures experienced GOLDEN AGES. This means that these cultures 1. 2. 3. 4. had little regard for the well-being of the people. were military dictatorships. had periods of intellectual and economic growth. lasted only a brief period of time. 25 Throughout history, many cultures GOLDEN AGES. experienced This means that these cultures 1. had little regard for the well-being of the people. 2. were military dictatorships. 3. had periods of intellectual and economic growth. 4. lasted only a brief period of time. 26 Sub-Saharan Africa • Mali Empire - Timbuktu & Mansa Musa • • • • Songhai Empire Benin Zimbabwe Bantu 27 28 The contributions of the ancient civilizations of Ghana, Axum, Kush, and Mali demonstrates that 1. industrial technology was needed for African civilizations to develop 2. many African civilizations developed in southern Africa 3. most of the African Continent was unified under a single political system 4. advanced societies developed in Africa before Europeans colonized this region 29 The contributions of the ancient civilizations of Ghana, Axum, Kush, and Mali demonstrates that 1. industrial technology was needed for African civilizations to develop 2. many African civilizations developed in southern Africa 3. most of the African Continent was unified under a single political system 4. advanced societies developed in Africa before Europeans colonized this region . . . west African Trade: gold & salt . . . 30 Much of the wealth of the West African kingdoms of Ghana and Mali was gained from the (1) (2) (3) (4) sale of slaves to Europeans taxation on goods brought by Indian merchants creation of colonies on the Mediterranean coast control of the trans-Saharan trade in gold and salt 31 Much of the wealth of the West African kingdoms of Ghana was gained from the and Mali (1) sale of slaves to Europeans (2) taxation on goods brought by Indian merchants (3) creation of colonies on the Mediterranean coast (4) control of the trans-Saharan trade in gold and salt 32 Industrial Revolution • Agricultural Revolution - Land Enclosure + Science • Mass Production by machine • Great Britain FIRST due to * Materials * Coal * Markets * Technology * Ports 33 IMPERIALISM 2 Nationalism + Industrialism = Imperialism + War [ i.e. Great Britain … “Victorian Age” ] 34 Land controlled by Great Britain .. 1900 35 36 Imperialism & mercantilism helped bring about the Industrial Revolution by 1. increasing markets and the demand for goods. 2. increasing the power of feudal lords. 3. reducing the size of the middle class. 4. reducing the wealth of European monarchs. 37 Imperialism & mercantilism helped bring about the Industrial Revolution by 1. increasing markets and the demand for goods. 2. increasing the power of feudal lords. 3. reducing the size of the middle class. 4. reducing the wealth of European monarchs. 38 One way in which Kwame Nkrumah, Jomo Kenyatta, and Kenneth Kaunda are similar is that they all 1. supported the United Nations military action in the Persian Gulf War. 2. rejected financial aid from the World Bank. 3. played a major role in independence movements in Africa. 4. opposed the Pan-African movement . 39 One way in which Kwame Nkrumah, Jomo Kenyatta, and Kenneth Kaunda are similar is that they all 1. supported the United Nations military action in the Persian Gulf War. 2. rejected financial aid from the World Bank. 3. played a major role in independence movements in Africa. 4. opposed the Pan-African movement . 40 Before a nation can begin to industrialize, that nation must first develop 1. 2. 3. 4. a democratic government a rigid class structure a strong religious foundation an adequate food supply 41 Before a nation can begin to industrialize, that nation must first develop 1. a democratic government 2. a rigid class structure 3. a strong religious foundation 4. an adequate food supply 42 A main characteristic of laissez-faire capitalism was 1. 2. 3. 4. government control of the economy an increased number of government rules that government did not interfere with business government ownership of business 43 A main characteristic of laissez-faire capitalism was 1. government control of the economy 2. an increased number of government rules 3. that government did not interfere with business 4. government ownership of business Laissez-faire … “leave it alone” … let business regulate itself … competition in the market place … PriceChopper … ShopRite … Stop & Shop Mr. Adam Smith wrote “Wealth of Nations” - he was behind this idea 44 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels developed a theory that economic conditions would significantly improve for the working class only when 1. 2. 3. 4. governments accepted the capitalist system workers (the proletariat) negotiated with the capitalists the owners (the bourgeoisie) became the ruling class workers (the proletariat) controlled the means of production 45 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels developed a theory that economic conditions would significantly improve for the working class only when 1. 2. 3. governments accepted the capitalist system workers (the proletariat) negotiated with the capitalists the owners (the bourgeoisie) became the ruling class 4. workers (the proletariat) controlled the means of production Workers get to keep the profits … HINT: Please make sure you know the vocab terms which are underlined … 46 The needs of the Industrial Revolution in 19th-century Europe greatly contributed to the (1) (2) (3) (4) growth of overseas empires beginning of the triangular trade development of international peacekeeping organizations promotion of political and economic equality in North America and Australia 47 The needs of the Industrial Revolution in 19th-century Europe greatly contributed to the (1) growth of overseas empires (2) beginning of the triangular trade (3) development of international peacekeeping organizations (4) promotion of political and economic equality in North America and Australia Factories need raw materials … cotton grown in India, diamonds from South Africa … sugar (cane) from Cuba These items, which are not available in Europe are then refined (processed) & sold back to the colonies 48 IMPERIALISM 2 • “Berlin Conference” (Late 1800s) - “Scramble for Africa” - Imperialism - Colonialism - Mercantilism • Suez Canal 49 50 One of the most important motives for the European “Scramble for Africa” in the late 1800s was that Africa provided a source of (1) (2) (3) (4) raw materials used in industry religious inspiration free labor for the Americas technologically innovative practices 51 One of the most important motives for the European “Scramble for Africa” (Berlin Conference) in the late 1800s was that Africa provided a source of (1) raw materials used in industry (back in factories in Britain, Germany & France) (2) religious inspiration (3) free labor for the Americas (4) technologically innovative practices 52 POST World War II: AFRICA NATIONALISM - - - > INDEPENDENCE • Africa - Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana) - Jomo Kenyatta (Kenya [ Mau Mau ] ) - Rwanda (Tribalism: Hutu vs Tutsi) - Sudan: Dafur (Ethnic fighting: Arab vs African) + PAN – AFRICANISM … OAU • South Africa - 1910 - Apartheid.. whites (Boers/Afrikaaners) vs Bantus 53 - Nelson Mandela Africa .. “carved up” the Europeans (Berlin Conference) Africa - “gaining its independence” … Post World War II … 1945 - 1990 54 Laws of APARTHIED .. A part / separate • 1949 – Mixed Marriage Law .. Prohibited marriages between white people and people of other races. • 1950 .. Group Areas Act .. creating different residential areas for different races. Led to forced removals of people living in "wrong" areas SEGREGATED LIVING … Johannesburg (white) … Soweto (black) • 1952 .. Natives Act .. the Pass Laws .. .. forced black people to carry identification with them at all times. .. A pass included a photograph, details of place of origin, employment record, tax payments, and encounters with the police. 55 56 The Fight against Apartheid • 1960s - Sharpeville Massacre ... white police attack Africans protesting against the Pass Laws • 1970s - Soweto ... African children attacked for protesting against having to learn AFRIKAAN • (language of white South Africans) • 1990s: Nelson Mandela released from jail ... becomes President of South Africa . retired several years ago • ... still much to be done to overcome affect of Apartheid ... economically, socially 57 Nelson Mandela and Desmond Tutu are similar in that both sought to 1. 2. 3. 4. make Africa more industrial than agricultural. put an end to the policy of apartheid. run for political office. achieve their goals using military force. 58 Nelson Mandela and Desmond Tutu are similar in that both sought to 1. 2. 3. 4. make Africa more industrial than agricultural. put an end to the policy of apartheid. run for political office. achieve their goals using military force. . . . World pressure . . . 59 During the 20th & 21st centuries there has been much bloodshed in Rwanda and Darfur (Sudan). On cause of this is 1. 2. 3. 4. tribalism monotheism global warming democracy 60 During the 20th & 21st centuries there has been much bloodshed in Rwanda and Darfur (Sudan). On cause of this is 1. tribalism 2. monotheism 3. global warming 4. democracy 61 The term Pan-Africanism can best be defined as a movement whose purpose is to 1. 2. 3. 4. promote African unity support cultural diversity encourage European investment in Africa advocate a return to colonial conditions 62 The term Pan-Africanism can best be defined as a movement whose purpose is to 1. promote African unity 2. support cultural diversity 3. encourage European investment in Africa 4. advocate a return to colonial conditions 63 TRIBALISM: Rwanda 64 TRIBALISM: Rwanda • early 1990s … Hutu vs Tutsi … ETHNIC CLEANSING • 850,000 people massacred in first 100 days • 11% of all females … 535,000 women were raped • LIFE EXPECTANCY • Female: 39.2 years • Male: 38.14 years 65 TRIBALISM: Sudan - Darfur 66 TRIBALISM: Sudan - Darfur • Sudan … 80 different ethnic groups • Began … 2003 • between 2 Muslim groups … vs the Sudan government • 400,000 dead = GENOCIDE • 10,000 dying every month • 2.5 million refugees … (people forced to flee) … 15,000 dying each month in the refugee camps … Lack of clean water … diarrhea & malnutrition leading causes of death in the camps 67 Many of the new African nations are having difficulty uniting their people because 1. there are many disloyal Europeans. 2. many people are still influenced by their religion. 3. most African nations are still ruled by Europeans. 4. many people are loyal to their tribes than they are to their nations. 68 Many of the new African nations are having difficulty uniting their people because 1. there are many disloyal Europeans. 2. many people are still influenced by their religion. 3. most African nations are still ruled by Europeans. 4. many people are loyal to their tribes than they are to their nations. . . . TRIBALISM vs Nationalism . . . . . . Rwanda . . . . 69 What would a study of the recent civil wars in Sudan, Rwanda, and Bosnia-Herzegovina (Yugoslavia) show about these conflicts? 1. Ethnic conflict was not a factor in the late 20th century. 2. The United Nations was successful in resolving these disputes. 3. Genocide was used as a political and military tactic. 4. Civilians were not affected by these disputes. 70 What would a study of the recent civil wars in Sudan, Rwanda, and Bosnia-Herzegovina (Yugoslavia) show about these conflicts? 1. Ethnic conflict was not a factor in the late 20th century. 2. The United Nations was successful in resolving these disputes. 3. Genocide was used as a political and military tactic. 4. Civilians were not affected by these disputes. … contributing factors in all conflicts: ethnic traditions vs modern-day nationalism 71 In the 1990s, which two countries dominated the headlines because genocide was occurring in those countries? 1. 2. 3. 4. Switzerland and Poland Vietnam and Singapore Sudan and Rwanda Costa Rica and Jamaica 72 In the 1990s, which two countries dominated the headlines because genocide was occurring in those countries? 1. 2. 3. 4. Switzerland and Poland Vietnam and Singapore Sudan and Rwanda Costa Rica and Jamaica 73 In many African nations, a sense of national unity has been difficult to achieve because of the 1. 2. 3. 4. desire not to offend former colonial rulers Lack of strong national leaders lack of natural resources Hostility between ethnic groups 74 In many African nations, a sense of national unity has been difficult to achieve because of the 1. 2. 3. desire not to offend former colonial rulers Lack of strong national leaders lack of natural resources 4. Hostility between ethnic groups 75 GLOBAL COOPERATION • United Nations = PEACE … (collective security) ... U.N. Security Council • OAS (Latin America) • OAU (Pan- Africanism) 76 The major goal of the United Nations is to 1. 2. 3. 4. decrease world trade increase the size of colonial empires establish democracy in all nations maintain peace among nations 77 The major goal of the United Nations is to 1. decrease world trade 2. increase the size of colonial empires 3. establish democracy in all nations 4. maintain PEACE among nations … U.N. Security Council ... 78 One barrier to (something that slows) economic progress in developing African nations has been a shortage of 1. hot weather. 2. unskilled workers. 3. armies and navies. 4. money. 79 One barrier to (something that slows) economic progress in developing African nations has been a shortage of 1. hot weather. 2. unskilled workers. 3. armies and navies. 4. money. . . . Pan- Africanism . . . . . . . . WATCH “skilled” vs “Unskilled” 80 A major reason the United Nations has been more successful than the League of Nations is that the United Nations has 1. had greater participation on the part of the major powers 2. avoided programs to aid economic development in developing nations 3. eliminated war among its members 4. removed all trade barriers between members 81 A major reason the United Nations has been more successful than the League of Nations is that the United Nations has 1. had greater participation on the part of the major powers 2. avoided programs to aid economic development in developing nations 3. eliminated war among its members 4. removed all trade barriers between members The United States, who was behind the League of Nations never joined … some countries who did join only followed the League’s rules when it met their convenience or was of benefit to them 82 GLOBAL ISSUES • Human Rights (Civil Liberties) • Overpopulation • Disease • desertification • deforestation 83 Which statement about the impact of the AIDS epidemic in both Africa and Southeast Asia is most accurate? 1. Life expectancy in both regions is declining. 2. The availability of low-cost drugs has cured most of those infected. 3. The introduction of awareness programs has eliminated the threat of the disease. 4. Newborn babies and young children have not been affected by the disease. 84 Which statement about the impact of the AIDS epidemic in both Africa and Southeast Asia is most accurate? 1. Life expectancy in both regions is declining. 2. The availability of low-cost drugs has cured most of those infected. 3. The introduction of awareness programs has eliminated the threat of the disease. 4. Newborn babies and young children have not been affected by the disease. HINT: … Another term for “AIDS” is a “disease” which kills people around the world 85 Which problem in the savanna regions of Africa is caused by population pressures and overuse of the land? 1. 2. 3. 4. rain forest destruction desertification air pollution flooding 86 Which problem in the savanna regions of Africa is caused by population pressures and overuse of the land? 1. rain forest destruction 2. desertification 3. air pollution 4. flooding HINT: … desertification = soil erosion … to become a desert 87 Geography • NATURAL RESOURCES - “fresh” water, oil, gold, uranium, navigable rivers • OR LACK OF - Natural resources … water, energy - “fresh” water - energy sources: oil, nuclear, water, wind - navigable waterways 88 Geography • Manipulation of resources … control flooding … hydroelectricity - Aswan Dam (Egypt) - Three Gorges Dam (China) • Desalinization … fresh water from salt water … Saudi Arabia 89 Geography • Slash & Burn Agriculture • Deforestation for Timber 90 Which characteristic did the early civilizations that developed along the Nile, the Tigris-Euphrates, and the Hwang-Ho (Yellow River) have in common? 1. Each society’s religious beliefs were based on monotheism. 2. Urban communities were built using iron and steel tools. 3. The form of government in each community was based on male suffrage. 4. Transportation and communication were promoted by a mild climate, fertile soil, and natural waterways. 91 Which characteristic did the early civilizations that developed along the Nile, the Tigris-Euphrates, and the Hwang-Ho (Yellow River) have in common? 1. Each society’s religious beliefs were based on monotheism. 2. Urban communities were built using iron and steel tools. 3. The form of government in each community was based on male suffrage. 4. Transportation and communication were promoted by a mild climate, fertile soil, and natural waterways. 92 GLOBAL Problems • Environmental - Desertification …. Desert expands, farmland decreases - Deforestation • Natural Resources - Water - Trees: paper, furniture, housing - Arable Land …. You can “grow” food - Energy: 93 * Coal * Nuclear * Trees * Hydroelectric DESERTIFICATION 94 Which of the following demonstrates “desertification”? 1. Malaysians chopping down trees in the rainforest. 2. Knights in shining armor headed towards Jerusalem. 3. Winds coming off the Sahara devouring valuable Egyptian farmland 4. An earthquake occurring off the coast of Japan generating a tidal wave 95 Which of the following demonstrates “desertification”? 1. Malaysians chopping down trees in the rainforest. 2. Knights in shining armor headed towards Jerusalem. 3.Winds coming off the Sahara devouring valuable Egyptian farmland 4. An earthquake occurring off the coast of Japan generating a tidal wave Desertification = desert sands expanding … covering land 96 GLOBAL Problems • Overpopulation - Hunger, Famine, Infant Mortality - China (1 Child Policy) - India (Sterilization) • Urbanization * Slums * Labor Abuse *Modern ? 97 The term “infant mortality rate” deals with 1. 2. 3. 4. Abundant crops … large amounts of food Global warming Child labor in the 19th century The # of children who do not live to past 2 years old 98 The term “infant mortality rate” deals with 1. Abundant crops … large amounts of food 2. Global warming 3. Child labor in the 19th century 4. The # of children who do not live to past 2 years old “mortality = death” … thus they’re asking how many children die 99