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Dielectric response in biological systems Dielectric spectroscopy is sensitive to relaxation processes in an extremely wide range of characteristic times ( 10 5 - 10 -11 s) Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy Time Domain Dielectric Spectroscopy 10-1 0 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 ice Cells Proteins 109 1010 H ï½ H3N+ â C â COOï½ R Amino acidsAsn Ala Asp Arg Cys Glu Gln His Ile Leu Lys Met Phe Ser Thr Trp Tyr Val 1011 1012 f (Hz) Water DNA, RNA Lipids Tissues P N+ ï¡-Dispersion ï¢ - Dispersion - Head group region ï¤ - Dispersion ï§ - Dispersion 5