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LICEO SCIENTIFICO “F.REDI” AREZZO
HEART ATTACK
Supervisor:
Prof.ssa Elisa Vannuccini
Student:
Pietro Pasqui
Introduction
• A heart attack
(myocardial infarction)
occurs when it blocks the
direct flow of blood to a
part of the heart muscle
• If the blood flow is not
restored quickly, the
section concerned of the
heart is damaged by lack
of oxygen
Introduction
• Heart attacks are a
leading cause of
death in
industrialized
countries
• Today there are
effective treatments
that can save lives
Causes
• A heart attack occurs when one or more of the arteries to
the heart carrying oxygen-rich blood gets clogged
• It is a sudden event, but is due to the effects of a chronic
cardiovascular disease called atherosclerosis, which
causes a gradual blockage of blood vessels
Causes
• A less common cause of heart attack is represented by the spasm of
a coronary artery that stops the direct blood flow to a part of the
heart muscle: drugs such as cocaine can cause very dangerous for
the life spasms
• A heart attack represents the end of a process which evolves in
gender for many hours. With every passing minute heart tissue is
blood private, it deteriorates and dies
Risk factors
• Tobacco smoke
• High blood pressure
• High blood
cholesterol levels and
high triglyceride
• Lack of physical
activity
• Obesity
Risk factors
•
•
•
•
Diabetes
Stress
Alcohol
Family history of
heart attack
• Homocysteine, Creactive protein and
fibrinogen
Symptoms
• Pains in the chest center
• Pain in the shoulder, arm,
back, teeth and jaw
• Prolonged pain in the
upper abdomen
• Shortness of breath
• Sweating
• Fatigue
• Swoon
• Nausea and vomit
Symptoms
Signs and symptoms of heart
attack in women may be different
and less obvious than those that
occur in men.
Recall:
• Stomach ache
• Cute wet
• Lightheadedness or dizziness.
More are the symptoms, the
higher the probability that it is in
the presence of a heart attack
On the contrary some people
do not experience any symptoms
Diagnosis
The diagnosis is made based on
symptoms, personal and family
medical history, the results of
diagnostic testing.
•
•
•
EKG: detects and records the electrical
activity of the heart. Certain changes
in the appearance of the electric waves
are important signals of a heart attack;
It is also able to demonstrate if you
have arrhythmias, which can be
caused by a heart attack
Blood tests: during a heart attack to
heart muscle cells explode, leaving
some proteins in the blood. Blood tests
are used to measure quantities of these
proteins
Coronary angiography is a special xray examination of the heart and blood
vessels. It is often done in the course of
a heart attack to detect obstructions in
the coronary arteries. If a procedure
called angioplasty is detected an
obstruction could be used, to restore
blood flow through the artery
Dangers
The heart attack may have the following
consequences:
• Abnormal heart rhythms
(arrhythmias). May develop short
circuits causing abnormal heart
rhythms, some of which may also be
fatal
• Heart failure. The still-functioning part
of the muscle is unable to pump blood
adequately to the heart. This decreases
the blood flow to tissues and organs
throughout the body. Heart failure
may be a temporary problem
• Problems to the valves. Heart valves
are damaged during a heart attack
may develop serious problems,
dangerous for life itself
• Heart Break. Some areas of the heart
muscle weakened after infarction can
rupture, leaving a hole in a part of the
heart. This break is often rapidly fatal
During a heart attack
We must act immediately!
• Call for urgent medical help to
118
• Taking nitroglycerin (if your
doctor has prescribed) waiting
for the arrival of emergency
medical personnel
• Begin cardiopulmonary
resuscitation. The timely use of a
defibrillator can restore the heart
to its normal rhythm
• Once you reach the emergency
room, it is clear that the subject
has been struck by a heart attack,
it can be treated with medication
or subject it to an invasive
procedure or both, depending on
the severity of the case and the
amount of heart damage occurred
Drugs
Among the drugs used to treat a heart attack include:
•
•
•
Aspirin. Aspirin may be administered by emergency medical personnel as soon as
you reach the hospital. It inhibits the coagulation of blood, thus helping to
maintain the flow of blood through the artery obstructed
Thrombolytics. These medicines help to dissolve the blood clot that blocks the
blood flow directed to the heart
Superaspirina. It helps prevent the formation of blood clots again
Other drugs to thin the blood:
• Heparin, to make the blood less prone to form dangerous blood clots
Nitroglycerin, to temporarily dilate the arterial blood vessels improving
blood flow to and from the heart
• Beta-blockers, to help relax the heart muscle, slow down the heartbeat
and reduce blood pressure by making easier the work of the heart
• Drugs that reduce cholesterol
Surgery
• Angioplasty and
coronary stent
• Coronary artery
bypass surgery
Lifestyle
To prevent or recover from a heart attack:
• Not smoking
• Control cholesterol
• Undergo regular medical checks
• Control blood pressure
• Doing regular physical activity
• Maintain a healthy weight
• Follow a healthy diet
• Manage stress
• Consume alcohol in moderation
After heart attack
Being struck by a heart attack is a frightening experience. Fear is just one of many emotions to deal with.
Other emotions that may be particularly difficult to overcome after a heart attack can be:
• Anger
• Guilt
• Depression
It 'good to discuss it openly with your doctor, a family member or friend who can help you to cope
better with the situation.
It might be helpful to talk to other patients who are experiencing the same situation.
Many rehabilitation programs provide counseling services and support groups for survivors to heart
attack.
Survive a heart attack does not mean that life as we knew it before it's over. On the contrary, most of the
people leading a full and active life after a heart attack, but it may mean making some positive changes in
daily habits.
Thanks for the attention!