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Chapter 6 Islamic Civilization A new religion emerges from the Middle East Islamic Civilization The religion of Islam is the center of Islamic Civilization. • Islam was first proclaimed by the prophet Muhammad (ca. 570-632). • Such as Judaism and Christianity, followers believe in one God, called “Allah.” Based on five pillars 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Faith Prayer Charity Fasting Pilgrimage The Prophet Muhammad (ca. 570-632) • Muhammad sprang from the prophetic tradition of Abraham, Moses, and Jesus… • A merchant by profession, Muhammad at the age of 40 heard the voice of God, that instructed him to recite revelations… of which lasted more than twenty years… https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yX3UHNhQ1Zk • Throughout his prophecy Muhammad traveled to and from Mecca and Medina… The Quran (or Koran) At the center of Islamic religion is the Quran, the scripture… • The word Quran means “recitation” and reflects the Muslim belief of the words recited to Muhammad by God. • Accordingly, Muhammad memorized the messages he received and dictated them to various scribes. • Quran established after Muhammad's death by the third caliph, Uthman, around 650 AD Quran page decoration art, Ottoman period The Quran cont. The Quran is divided into 114 Surah's, or chapters, which become shorter as the Quran progresses. • The first Surah contains 287 ayas, or verses. The last contains three. • The words of the Quran are the first Muslims hear when they are born and the last when they die. • Complimenting the Quran is the hadith (“narrative” or “report”) consisting of the teachings of Muhammad. Quran, Al-Fatiha, consisting of seven verses. Birmingham Quran manuscript https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jowQond7_UE Basic tenets and the Five Pillars of Islam… The basic tenants of Islam concern the nature of God, creation, humankind, and the afterlife… To achieve Heaven, Muslims must accept Allah, and fulfill five pillars: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The Islamic Creed (shahadah) Daily Prayer (salat) Charity or almsgiving (zakat) Fasting during Ramadan (sawm) Pilgrimage (hajj) to Mecca, the holy city Islamic Call to Worship… The adhān (Arabic: ن [أَ َذا ʔaˈðaːn]) • Recited five times: at dawn, midday, midafternoon, sunset, and night fall. • Muessins call the faithfull to prayer from Mosque towers... • Prior to cleansing, worshipers must cleanse themseleves... • During prayer, Muslims face Mecca and ritually bow and meditate... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fe8qRj12OhY Islamic Mosques… Unlike Christianity, Islam opposes idol worship… Muhammad had all pagan idols destroyed… In the late 7th Century, Muslim rulers built palaces and mosques… Buildings where Muslims gathered for prayer… • Rectangular in plan, with an open court • Fountain in center for purification… • Mirab, a small niche indicating the side facing Mecca… The Mosque Layout Know the three basic components: • Mihrab • Minaret • Muezzin https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WToTxs9zU8A The Five Pillars of Islam cont. The basic tenants of Islam concern the nature of God, creation, humankind, and the afterlife… To achieve Heaven, Muslims must accept Allah, and fulfill five pillars: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The Islamic Creed (shahadah) Daily Prayer (salat) Charity or almsgiving (zakat) Fasting during Ramadan (sawm) Pilgrimage to Mecca, the holy city Mecca (Saudi Arabia) • Birthplace of Muhammad • Site of first revelation • Holiest city in the religion of Islam • Center of largest annual gathering of people in the world • The journey to Mecca is considered to have roots in the the times of Abraham… Mecca in 1718 Mecca in the late 1880s Jabal al-Nour is where Muhammad is believed to have received the first revelation of God through the Archangel Gabriel. Mecca seen from Jabal al-Nour Chapter 7 Indian Civilization Hinduism and Buddhism Early India 2500 to 1500 B.C.E The first known Indigenous people of the Indus valley were known as the Dasas, or Pre-Aryan. They built complex cities around the Indus and Ganges Rivers… The Vedic Period 1500 to 300 B.C.E Sometime around 1500 B.C.E. peoples from Russia and Central Asia begin to settle in Northern India. • Brought early forms of language, Sanskrit… and Hinduism. Hinduism Ganesha (centre) with Shiva (top left), Devi (top right), Vishnu (bottom left) and Surya (bottom right); The word Hinduism derives from the word Sindhu, the Sanskrit name for the Indus River. The Indus and the Ganges River were used to purify... Hindu worship focuses on a pantheon of gods/supernatural… In Hinduism the ideal life has four basic basic goals: 1) 2) 3) 4) Dharma: human righteousness Artha: accumulation of success Kama: pursuit of spiritual love Moksha: release from pleasure Hindu Gods… At the Center of Hindu religious thought is the idea of BRAHMAN (sometimes called Brahmanism) Brahman is best explained in 3 Gods: 1. Brahma: source of being the creator… 1. Vishnu: the preserver, forgiveness, and love… 1. Shiva: the destroyer, disease and death… Brahma, the god who created knowledge and then universe Hindu Gods cont. Vishnu is usually described as having dark complexion of water-filled clouds and having four arms. He is depicted as a pale blue being, as are his incarnations Rama and Krishna. Four Armed Vishnu Hindu Gods cont. The main iconographical attributes of Shiva are the third eye on his forehead, the snake Vasuki around his neck, the adorning crescent moon, the holy river Ganga flowing from his matted hair, the trishula as his weapon and the damaru as his musical instrument. Hindu Class Structure Among the worship of multiple gods and natural forces, the social structure of India is largely based on the division of society into four distinct classes, or castes… • • • • Group of Brahmanas, 1913 Brahmins - Priests Kshatriyas - Warriors Vaishyas - Merchants Shudras - Servants • Dalits, or outcasts… fall outside of the main four… “Untouchables” Brahmins – Priests At the top of the social order, the Brahmins serve as Hindu Society’s priests, leaders, seers, and religious authorities. • Brahmins attained the highest spiritual knowledge… • Begin the study of the vedras early in childhood… • Responsible for religious rituals in temples and homes… Births, weddings, birthdays, pilgrimages, etc. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=442Yb2XXZQo Kshatriyas - Warriors In ancient times were Hindu society’s kings and aristocratic warriors, but more recently have been its administrators, politicians, and civil authorities. • It was considered their duty (dharma) to acquire knowledge of weapons and governance. • The science of weaponry (dhanurveda) was one of the 13 branches of learning. • Allowed to take up trade and choose their wives.