Download Chapter 6 Islamic Civilization

Chapter 6
Islamic Civilization
A new religion emerges from the Middle East
Islamic Civilization
The religion of Islam is the center
of Islamic Civilization.
• Islam was first proclaimed by
the prophet Muhammad (ca. 570-632).
• Such as Judaism and
Christianity, followers believe in
one God, called “Allah.”
Based on five pillars
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Faith
Prayer
Charity
Fasting
Pilgrimage
The Prophet Muhammad
(ca. 570-632)
• Muhammad sprang from the
prophetic tradition of
Abraham, Moses, and Jesus…
• A merchant by profession,
Muhammad at the age of 40
heard the voice of God, that
instructed him to recite
revelations… of which lasted
more than twenty years…
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yX3UHNhQ1Zk
• Throughout his prophecy
Muhammad traveled to and
from Mecca and Medina…
The Quran (or Koran)
At the center of Islamic religion is
the Quran, the scripture…
• The word Quran means
“recitation” and reflects the
Muslim belief of the words
recited to Muhammad by God.
• Accordingly, Muhammad
memorized the messages he
received and dictated them to
various scribes.
• Quran established after
Muhammad's death by the third
caliph, Uthman, around 650 AD
Quran page decoration art, Ottoman period
The Quran cont.
The Quran is divided into 114
Surah's, or chapters, which become
shorter as the Quran progresses.
• The first Surah contains 287 ayas,
or verses. The last contains three.
• The words of the Quran are the
first Muslims hear when they are
born and the last when they die.
• Complimenting the Quran is the
hadith (“narrative” or “report”)
consisting of the teachings of
Muhammad.
Quran, Al-Fatiha, consisting of seven verses.
Birmingham Quran manuscript
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jowQond7_UE
Basic tenets and the Five Pillars of Islam…
The basic tenants of Islam concern the
nature of God, creation, humankind, and
the afterlife… To achieve Heaven, Muslims
must accept Allah, and fulfill five pillars:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The Islamic Creed (shahadah)
Daily Prayer (salat)
Charity or almsgiving (zakat)
Fasting during Ramadan (sawm)
Pilgrimage (hajj) to Mecca, the holy city
Islamic Call to Worship…
The adhān (Arabic: ‫ن‬
‫[‫‫أَ َذا ‫‬ʔaˈðaːn])
• Recited five times: at dawn,
midday, midafternoon, sunset,
and night fall.
• Muessins call the faithfull to
prayer from Mosque towers...
• Prior to cleansing, worshipers
must cleanse themseleves...
• During prayer, Muslims face
Mecca and ritually bow and
meditate...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fe8qRj12OhY
Islamic Mosques…
Unlike Christianity, Islam opposes
idol worship… Muhammad had
all pagan idols destroyed…
In the late 7th Century, Muslim
rulers built palaces and
mosques… Buildings where
Muslims gathered for prayer…
• Rectangular in plan, with an
open court
• Fountain in center for
purification…
• Mirab, a small niche indicating
the side facing Mecca…
The Mosque Layout
Know the three basic components:
• Mihrab
• Minaret
• Muezzin
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WToTxs9zU8A
The Five Pillars of Islam cont.
The basic tenants of Islam concern the
nature of God, creation, humankind, and
the afterlife… To achieve Heaven, Muslims
must accept Allah, and fulfill five pillars:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The Islamic Creed (shahadah)
Daily Prayer (salat)
Charity or almsgiving (zakat)
Fasting during Ramadan (sawm)
Pilgrimage to Mecca, the holy city
Mecca (Saudi Arabia)
• Birthplace of
Muhammad
• Site of first revelation
• Holiest city in the
religion of Islam
• Center of largest
annual gathering of
people in the world
• The journey to Mecca
is considered to have
roots in the the times
of Abraham…
Mecca in 1718
Mecca in the late 1880s
Jabal al-Nour is where Muhammad is believed to have received the first revelation of
God through the Archangel Gabriel.
Mecca seen from Jabal al-Nour
Chapter 7
Indian Civilization
Hinduism and Buddhism
Early India 2500 to 1500 B.C.E
The first known Indigenous people of
the Indus valley were known as the
Dasas, or Pre-Aryan. They built
complex cities around the Indus and
Ganges Rivers…
The Vedic Period
1500 to 300 B.C.E
Sometime around 1500 B.C.E.
peoples from Russia and Central Asia
begin to settle in Northern India.
• Brought early forms of language,
Sanskrit… and Hinduism.
Hinduism
Ganesha (centre) with Shiva (top left),
Devi (top right), Vishnu (bottom left)
and Surya (bottom right);
The word Hinduism derives from the
word Sindhu, the Sanskrit name for
the Indus River. The Indus and the
Ganges River were used to purify...
Hindu worship focuses on a pantheon
of gods/supernatural…
In Hinduism the ideal life has four
basic basic goals:
1)
2)
3)
4)
Dharma: human righteousness
Artha: accumulation of success
Kama: pursuit of spiritual love
Moksha: release from pleasure
Hindu Gods…
At the Center of Hindu religious
thought is the idea of BRAHMAN
(sometimes called Brahmanism)
Brahman is best explained in 3 Gods:
1. Brahma: source of being the
creator…
1. Vishnu: the preserver,
forgiveness, and love…
1. Shiva: the destroyer, disease and
death…
Brahma, the god who created knowledge and then universe
Hindu Gods cont.
Vishnu is usually described as having
dark complexion of water-filled
clouds and having four arms. He is
depicted as a pale blue being, as are
his incarnations Rama and Krishna.
Four Armed Vishnu
Hindu Gods cont.
The main iconographical attributes
of Shiva are the third eye on his
forehead, the snake Vasuki around
his neck, the adorning crescent
moon, the holy river Ganga flowing
from his matted hair, the trishula as
his weapon and the damaru as his
musical instrument.
Hindu Class
Structure
Among the worship of multiple
gods and natural forces, the social
structure of India is largely based
on the division of society into
four distinct classes, or castes…
•
•
•
•
Group of Brahmanas, 1913
Brahmins - Priests
Kshatriyas - Warriors
Vaishyas - Merchants
Shudras - Servants
• Dalits, or outcasts… fall outside
of the main four…
“Untouchables”
Brahmins – Priests
At the top of the social order, the
Brahmins serve as Hindu Society’s
priests, leaders, seers, and religious
authorities.
• Brahmins attained the highest
spiritual knowledge…
• Begin the study of the vedras
early in childhood…
• Responsible for religious
rituals in temples and
homes… Births, weddings,
birthdays, pilgrimages, etc.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=442Yb2XXZQo
Kshatriyas - Warriors
In ancient times were Hindu
society’s kings and aristocratic
warriors, but more recently have
been its administrators, politicians,
and civil authorities.
• It was considered their duty
(dharma) to acquire knowledge
of weapons and governance.
• The science of weaponry
(dhanurveda) was one of the
13 branches of learning.
• Allowed to take up trade and
choose their wives.