Download Review Session for Review Test #1

Review Session
#2
Personality, Abnormal
Psychology, Therapy, Sensation &
Perception, States of
Consciousness
AP Psychology
Andover High School
Personality - Question #1
Hartshorne and May conducted a famous set of experiments in which they
tested children’s honesty. They found that virtually everyone was honest in
some situations and dishonest in others. This type of finding presents the
greatest challenge to what type of personality theorist?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Social cognitive
Trait
Psychoanalytic
Humanistic
Behaviorist
B – Trait theorists describe personality with a set of characteristics that
presumably should hold fairly constant across a wide variety of
circumstances. If you say someone is conscientious, you typically don’t
mean that the person works hard in some situations and not in others.
The other approaches all embrace the idea that the environment plays
some role in shaping behavior and personality.
Personality - Question #2
Which of the following is one of the Big Five?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Identification
Narcissism
Egotism
Openness
Temperament
D – The Big Five personality traits are: openness,
agreeableness, conscientiousness, extraversion, and
neuroticism.
Personality - Question #3
Dimitri invents a new way to assess personality that involves describing
the images one sees in a carefully selected set of photographs of
clouds. Which type of psychologist is most likely to find such an
assessment useful?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Humanistic
Cognitive
Behavioral
Trait
Psychoanalytic
E – Dimitri’s cloud test is an example of a projective test. Similar to the
TAT and Rorshach tests, it is likely based on the idea that what
people project onto ambiguous stimuli provide insight into their
personalities.
Personality - Question #4
Alarmed by her penchant for schoolyard fights, Cherry’s parents
encouraged her interest in Tae Kwon Do. Now a college student,
Cherry has a black belt, teaches at the local dojo and hasn’t had a fight
in over a decade. This story could be seen as an example of
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Projection
Sublimation
Displacement
Regression
Rationalization
B – Sublimation is a Freudian defense mechanism that suggests that
people take unacceptable feelings and desires (in this case a desire
to be violent) and channel them into more socially acceptable
pursuits.
Personality - Question #5
According to Freud, during which stage is the superego
formed?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital
C – Freud asserted that the superego, essentially an
individual’s conscience, formed during the phallic stage
(ages 3-5), largely as the result of the Oedipal crisis.
Personality - Question #6
Carl Jung is credited with introducing which of the following ideas?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Inferiority complex
Womb envy
Collective unconscious
Self-actualization
Factor analysis
C – Jung proposed that people inherit a kind of collective unconscious
for the human species that is a repository for common important
ideas that he called archetypes. The idea of an inferiority complex is
credited to Alfred Adler; womb envy is a term coined by Karen
Horney; self-actualization is associated with Abraham Maslow, and
factor analysis is a statistical technique first developed by Charles
Spearman.
Personality - Question #7
Which of the following best describes the basic idea behind Bandura’s
reciprocal determinism?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Personality is the result of the interplay between behavior, traits, and
the environment.
Important things tend to happen in threes and have a cumulative impact
on our lives
Exposure to uncontrollable situations results in a feeling of helplessness
even when one can control ones circumstances
People tend to treat others in similar ways to how they have been
treated
People often misdirect their emotions and take them out on people who
do not deserve them
A – Bandura suggested that personality results from a set of two-way
influences between one’s behaviors, traits, and the environment. This idea
is known as reciprocal determinism or triadic reciprocality.
Personality - Question #8
Carl Rogers said that the ___________ is (are) an innate drive
that motivates all human behavior toward growth.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Unconscious
Central traits
Actualizing tendency
Wish fulfillment
Ego
C – Carl Rogers believed that people have an actualizing
tendency that is an innate drive that guides behavior
resulting in personality
Abnormal - Question #9
Paulene typically experiences feelings of autonomic nervous
system arousal. With which type or disorder is this symptom
most closely associated?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Schizophrenic
Mood
Anxiety
Somatoform
Dissociative
C – Paulene seems to suffer from generalized anxiety disorder
(GAD), a type of anxiety disorder. Autonomic arousal causes
feelings of anxiety or nervousness.
Abnormal Question #10
According to a behaviorist, psychological disorders are largely caused
by
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Contingencies of reinforcement
Neurochemical imbalances in the brain
Maladaptive ways of thinking
Unmet psychological needs
Repressed traumas from childhood
A – Behaviorists believe that the reinforcement contingencies to which
one has been exposed shape one’s behaviors. A biopsychologist
would link the source of the problem to neurochemicals, cognitive
psychologists would fault maladaptive ways of thinking, humanistic
psychologists would speak of psychological needs, and
psychoanalysts would likely blame repressed childhood traumas.
Abnormal - Question #11
Which of the following is an example of a delusion?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Hearing the neighbor’s dog talking to you
Seeing people that you know are dead
Imagining that you hold an important government position
Taking precautions to prevent people from tampering with your
food
Talking to yourself
C – Delusions are false beliefs. Thus, imagining you hold an important
government position is a delusion. Choices A and B describe
hallucinations – perceiving sensory experiences that do not exist. D
and E both represent behaviors one might take in response to a
delusion, but they are not themselves delusions.
Abnormal - Question #12
Which of the following disorders is thought to be the most highly
heritable?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Panic disorder
Unipolar depression
Dissociative identity disorder
Borderline personality disorder
Bipolar disorder
E – The term heritability refers to the percent of the variation in a trait
due to genetic influences. Bipolar disorder, formerly known as
manic-depression, is thought to highly heritable based on evidence
from twin and other family studies.
Abnormal - Question #13
Jethro frequently feels the need to check and double-check whether
he has remembered to turn the oven off in the morning. This checking
would best be described as an example of
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
An obsession
A personality disorder
Paranoia
Anxiety
A compulsion
E – Compulsions are repetitive, unwanted behaviors designed to
relieve the anxiety caused by obsessions. Presumably, Jethro is
worried that something bad will happen (for instance, a fire)
because he has left the oven on each morning and feels driven to
perform then checking behavior in order to alleviate that anxiety.
Abnormal - Question #14
Enlarged brain ventricles are a symptom of what mental disorder?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Schizophrenia
Conversion disorder
OCD
ADHD
Anorexia nervosa
A – Schizophrenia has been shown to be linked to enlarged brain
ventricles. Everyone has spaces in their brain called ventricles which
are filled with cerebrospinal fluid, but scans have indicated that, in
people who suffer from schizophrenia, these spaces are enlarged.
Abnormal - Question #15
Psychologists often disagree about exactly what to include in the DSM. What
argument is often made in favor of a more comprehensive listing?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Labeling a person’s problem is an important first step toward solving it
Insurance companies will not cover treatment for something not listed in
the DSM
American society no longer stigmatizes those who have been classified
as having a mental illness.
A more detailed manual will make the diagnostic process easier.
People like to find descriptions in the book that match the problems they
think they have.
B – Without a diagnosis, insurance companies will not provide coverage for
treatment. Therefore, many psychologists have argued that it is better to
be overly broad in what is included in the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders) than too narrow. Labeling and the stigma
associated with having a label are often thought to be reasons against
classifying more things as disorders.
Therapy - Question #16
Dr. Sturge asks patients to blurt out whatever is on their minds and to
describe their dreams. What is the likely purpose of these types of
techniques?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
To relieve feelings of anxiety in the short term
To learn about the patients’ families and friends
To uncover repressed thoughts
To correct the patients’ irrational thoughts
To put the patients at ease
C – The techniques described are commonly used by psychoanalytic and
psychodynamic therapists to reveal the threatening thoughts people have
repressed into their unconscious. While a long term goal of such
techniques is that they will lead to insight that will ultimately relieve
anxiety and while the processes may also involve in the disclosure of
information about a person’s family or friends, the immediate goal is to
help the therapist to gain insight into what the client might be repressing.
Therapy - Question #17
Electroconvulsive shock therapy is most often employed to treat
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Agoraphobia
Dissociative amnesia
Antisocial personality disorder
Unipolar depression
Autism
D – Electroconvulsive shock therapy or ECT is most commonly used to
treat people suffering from severe depression especially when the
depression has not been alleviated by other types of less invasive
treatments.
Therapy - Question #18
Mr. Mather’s kindergarten class is completely out of control. He can’t get the
5-year olds to sit in their seats long enough to teach them anything. One
Monday, Mr. Ziller comes in with an enormous container of colored buttons
and announces that every time he sees someone doing something good, the
student will get a button. At the end of the week, buttons will be able to be
exchanged at Mr. Mather’s Market. What technique is Mr. Mather using?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Reverse psychology
Eclectism
Token economy
Aversive conditioning
Group therapy
C – A token economy is a system in which generalized reinforcers (tokens) are
used to quickly and easily reinforce desired behaviors. The value of these
reinforcers comes from being able to trade them in at a later time for
objects or privileges of an individual’s own choosing.
Therapy - Question #19
Ajay tells his therapist that he feels lonely and isolated. His therapist says, “So,
you seem to be feeling alone. Tell me more about that.” This comment
suggests that the therapist is most likely using what type of therapy?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Psychodynamic
Person-centered
Implosive
Cognitive therapy
Psychoanalytic
B – Carl Rogers person- or client-centered therapy is a nondirective,
humanistic, insight therapy that aims to help people identify their own
problems. As such, the therapist’s job is mainly to listen actively and act as
a mirror to reflect back what the client is saying and thereby help him/her
recognize the issue.
Therapy - Question #20
Counterconditioning is a key part of which therapeutic approach?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Psychoanalyisis
Systematic desensitization
Rational emotive behavior therapy
Insight therapy
Family therapy
B – Counterconditioning is the replacement of one type of learned
response with another and is a key part of systematic
desensitization, a common treatment for phobias. In using
systematic desensitization with a phobic individual, the goal is to
replace the anxiety felt in response to the feared object with a
feeling of relaxation.
Therapy - Question #21
Many antidepressants work by
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Increasing the amount of norepinephrine in the synapse
Decreasing the amount of serotonin in the synapse
Increasing the amount of dopamine in the synapse
Decreasing the amount of acetylcholine in the synapse
Increasing the amount of GABA in the synapse
A – Depression has been linked to low levels of both
norepinephrine and serotonin. As a result, a number of
antidepressants have been designed to elevate levels of
these neurotransmitters in the synapse.
Therapy - Question #22
Which of the following drugs would be most likely be prescribed for a
patient who suffers from manic episodes?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Haldol
Chlorpromazine
Benzodiazepines
Barbiturates
Lithium
E – Lithium is often prescribed to treat bipolar disorder, especially the
manic episodes that often occur as part of that disorder. Haldol and
chlorpromazine are antipsychotic medications, and benzodiazepines
and barbiturates are more often used as anti-anxiety medications.
Sensation & Perception- Question
#23
Which structure in the eye is most responsible
for the process of transduction?
A. Cornea
B. Pupil
C. Retina
D. Iris
E. Lens
C. Transduction is the process of transforming sensations into
neural signals. In the eye, this process takes place in the
retina, where specialized neurons (rods and cones) changes
light waves into neural impulses.
Sensation & Perception- Question
#24
Reaching down and scratching your kneecap in a
dark theater probably relies most on which of the
following senses?
A. Vision
B. Vestibular sense
C. Kinesthetic sense
D. Touch
E. Olfactory sense
C - The kinesthetic sense enables us to perceive where
different parts of our bodies are located without looking
at them. Reaching for our kneecap in a dark theater
would depend most on this sense.
Sensation & Perception- Question
#25
Our senses of vision and hearing are similar in a
significant way, and different than our senses of taste
and smell. What is this significant difference?
A.Vision and hearing are dominant senses, and taste and smell are recessive
senses.
B.Taste and smell rely on our senses absorbing chemicals, and vision and hearing
rely on energy sensation.
C.Vision and hearing sensations are processed in the frontal lobes, and taste and
smell are processed in the limbic system.
D.Taste and smell are processed pre-conscious awareness, while vision and
hearing are post-conscious senses.
E.Vision and hearing sensations are prioritized by the brain, so are processed
before taste and smell sensations.
B. Vision and hearing are sometimes called “energy” senses, because they involve our
senses “absorbing” energy (light or soundwaves) and converting them to neural
impulses. Taste and smell are sometimes called “chemical” senses, because they
involve these senses absorbing chemicals and converting them to neural signals.
Sensation & Perception Question
#26
Polly injures her right eye playing basketball and has to wear an
eye patch for a month. While she’s wearing the patch over her
right eye, which of the following depth cues will Polly NOT be
able to use to judge distance?
A.shading
B.interposition
C.Linear perspective
D.convergence
E.Texture gradient
D. Some depth cues rely on binocular (two eye) vision (“binocular depth
cues”). Convergence is one of these kinds of depth cues: we know an object
is close to our face when both our eyes try to move together (converge) on an
object very close to us. Since one of Polly’s eyes is injured, she would not be
able to rely on this binocular depth cue to judge depth.
Sensation & Perception Question
#27
Deterioration of the stapes (stirrup) bone is
likely to cause which of the following?
A. Color Blindness
B. Conduction Deafness
C. Bottom-Up Processing
D. Blind Spot
E. Sensory Habituation
B. Conduction deafness refers to an inability to hear because sound is
not “conducted” from the outside world to the cochlea and auditory
cortex (where sound waves are changed into interpretable neural
signals). The stapes is an integral part of the conduction process.
Sensation & Perception Question
#28
Which of the following phenomena are best
explained by the opponent-process theory?
A. color blindness
B. visual capture
C. subliminal perception
D. perceptual constancy
E. texture gradient
A. The opponent-process theory best explains color blindness.
The most common kind of color blindness involve “opposite” colors such
as red-green and yellow-blue, which fits with the opponent process theory
of how color is perceived in the eye by cones.
Sensation & Perception
Question #29
Which of the following perceptual principles is most
applicable to the following situation:
art students learning to draw objects from different
angles.
A. Vestibular sense
B. Weber’s Law
C. Shape Constancy
D. Sensory Adaptation
E. Feature Detectors
C. Shape constancy refers to the ability of our visual perception system to
keep “constant” the shape we know an object to be even when we
view that object from different angles. Drawing objects from different
perspectives would use this ability often and extensively.
States of Consciousness
Question #30
Why might the REM stage be called
“paradoxical sleep”?
A. Brain waves are as or more intense than in our waking
state
B. It occurs in infants and gradually fades as we mature
C.Brain regions associated with paradoxical questions are
most active during REM
D.High levels of REM are associated with low probabilities
of dream recall
E. REM states frequently wake participants in sleep studies
A. During REM, we experience high amplitude and frequency brain waves,
sometimes as or more intense than waking brain waves, which is
paradoxical because it is a stage of sleep.
States of Consciousness Question
#31
Within the context of States of Consciousness research,
what does the term tolerance refer to?
A.Feelings and Attitudes toward individuals who have atypical belief
systems
B.The need for an increased dose of a psychoactive drug to produce the
same effect
C.The actions of the group toward individuals who choose to express
unpopular opinions
D.Changes in dopamine levels during sleep studies
E.Resistance to the bystander effect attributed to previously help opinions.
B. Tolerance within the context of states of consciousness refers to the
increased need for a drug in order to produce the same
physiological effect.
States of Consciousness Question
#32
Researchers find that people with rich fantasy lives
tend to be more hypnotizable. This research finding
most supports which theory of hypnosis?
A. State Theory
B. Dissociation Theory
C. Role Theory
D. Opponent-Process Theory
E. Cognitive Theory
C. Role theory states that hypnotized individuals are acting out the role of
a hypnotized person, and people with rich fantasy lives may be more
prone to acting these roles in convincing ways.
States of Consciousness Question
#33
Changes in our sleep patterns (the amount of time we
spend in each stage of sleep during the night) are most
commonly caused by which of the following?
A. Genetics
B. Weather patterns related to daylight exposure
C. Personality changes
D. Maturation
E. Ultradian and Infradian Rhythms
D. As we age, we spend less time in REM sleep and more time in the
other stages of sleep