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ETH 101
Ethics in Health Care
PRINCIPLES OF
HEALTH ETHICS
Dr. Fatmah Almoayad
[email protected]
Course content
■ Orientation and introduction
■ Plagiarism
■ Importance of Ethics and patients rights
■ Principals of health ethics
■ Health professionals ethics and regulations
■ Duties toward patients
■ Duties toward community
■ Duties toward oneself and religious ruling
■ Duties toward the profession
■ Ethics in learning and teaching
■ Ethics in documentation
Outline
■ Basic principles of health ethics.
■ Manners of HCPs.
■ How to decide what is ethical.
Devotion and Feeling the Worship of
Allah
َّ ‫ج‬
ُ ‫خلَ ْق‬
َ ‫َومَا‬
‫ن‬
ِ ‫ن وَا‬
ِ ‫أل ْنسَ إِال َّ لِيَ ْع ُب ُدو‬
ِ ‫ت ْال‬
■ What we do as health professionals is a kind of worship
to Allah.
■ Devote you’re your work to the sake of Allah.
■ Perceive the presence of Allah in all activities.
■ Understand that you will be judged for every small and
big act.
Demonstration of the Best of Manners
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Truthfulness.
Honesty and Integrity.
Humbleness and Respect for Others.
Patience and Forbearance.
Passion and Love.
Moderation and Fairness.
Self accountability.
Avoidance of Trivialities and Pettiness.
Truthfulness
Truthfulness is not only about telling the truth, it is also
about truth of the intention, truth in the deed and
performance as well.
healthcare practitioner, whom people seek during pain and
sickness with complete trust should not be found otherwise
[a liar].
If found to be a liar, his/her knowledge and skills will not
help him/her restore the lost trust.
Honesty and Integrity.
Healthcare practitioner is entrusted with human souls and
bodies, thus, he/she should reflect upon it appropriately.
Humbleness and Respect for Others
Healthcare practitioner should be humble and never display
arrogance towards his/her patients or demean them,
whatever be their position.
He/she has to respect all those he/she deals with,
including the patients and/or their family members.
This makes him/her in a more respectful status.
Patience and Forbearance
The medical profession is a challenging and hard career.
Healthcare practitioners deal with different types people in
the community which requires a high level of patience,
forbearance and tolerance.
How should HCPs deal with difficult
patients?
■ HCPs should tolerate the behaviour of their patients and
excuse the annoyance considering patients’ pain and
illness.
■ HCPs should not confront the patients’ irritability with anger
or retaliation by stopping to treat a patient who has used
inappropriate language, or by failure in fulfilling the patient’s
right to full care.
Passion and Love
HCPs should be:
■ loving, passionate and lenient towards patients
■ refrain from insulting them by saying what could make
them weak or lose hope.
■ considers the psychological state of patient.
Moderation and Fairness
■ A healthcare practitioner should be fair and unbiased in
treating his/her patients.
■ This is because they submit their affairs to the healthcare
practitioner, based on their trust in him/her and their need
for his/her advice as well as service.
■ It is not permissible for a healthcare practitioner to abuse
this, whether it is the right to appropriate medical care or in
terms of financial costs that overburden the patient,
patient’s guardian or employer.
Self-accountability
Healthcare practitioners have to judge themselves before
being judged by others, or having their mistakes widely
publicized.
Avoidance of Trivialities and Pettiness
It is not appropriate for a healthcare practitioner to indulge
in affairs that are religiously forbidden or socially
unacceptable such as
■ Backbiting
■ Tale-bearing
■ Talking too much
■ Arguing
■ Saying socially unacceptable words - especially while
performing duties.
Avoidance of Trivialities and Pettiness
It is also preferable for a healthcare practitioner to refrain
from the demeaning behaviours which may not be
religiously prohibited, such as:
■ Chewing gum while working.
■ Untidy appearance.
■ Wearing strange and socially unacceptable clothes.
How individuals make ethical
decisions?
■ Non-rational approaches:
Not necessary irrational but does not use
reasoning.
■ Rational approaches:
A systematic, reflective use of reason in
decision-making.
Non-rational approaches
■ Obedience is following the rules or instructions of those in
authority, whether or not you agree with them.
■ Imitation is following the example of a role model.
■ Feeling and desire is a subjective approach to moral
decision making and behaviour. What is right is what feels
right or satisfies one’s desire; what is wrong is what feels
wrong or frustrates one’s desire.
Non-rational approaches
■ Intuition is an immediate perception of the right way to act
in a situation.
■ Habit is a very efficient method of moral decision-making
since there is no need to repeat a systematic decisionmaking process each time a moral issue arises similar to
one that has been dealt with previously. However situations
that appear similar may require significantly different
decisions.
Rational approaches
■ Deontology.
■ Consequentialism.
■ Principlism.
■ Virtue ethics.
Deontology
involves a search for well-founded rules that can serve as the
basis for making moral decisions.
For example:
“People are all equal like the teeth of a comb”
Prophet Mohamed PBUH
Consequentialism
Bases ethical decision-making on an analysis of the likely
consequences or outcomes of different choices and actions.
The right action is the one that produces the best outcomes.
Principlism
uses ethical principles as the basis for making moral
decisions. It applies these principles to particular cases or
situations in order to determine what is the right thing to do,
taking into account both rules and consequences.
Virtue ethics
Focuses less on decision-making and more on the
character of decision-makers as reflected in their behaviour. A
virtue is a type of moral excellence.
Accordingly HCPs who possess these virtues are more likely to
make good decisions and to implement them in a good way.
The best way to make ethical decisions
Each approach has both strengths and weaknesses.
Perhaps a combination of all four approaches that
includes the best features of each is the best way to
make ethical decisions rationally.
Process of making ethical decision
1. Determine whether the issue at hand is an ethical one.
2. Consult authoritative sources such codes of ethics,
policies and respected colleagues to see how HCPs
generally deal with such issues.
3. Consider alternative solutions in light of the principles
and values they uphold and their likely consequences.
Process of making ethical decision
4. Discuss your proposed solution with those whom it will
affect.
5. Make your decision and act on it, with sensitivity to others
affected.
6. Evaluate your decision and be prepared to act differently in
future.
ETH 101
Ethics in Health Care
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