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DIGESTIVE AND EXCRETORY SYSTEMS CLASS NOTES DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ORGANS 1) Esophagus 2) Stomach 3) Small Intestine 4) Large Intestine 5) Gallbladder 6) Liver 7) Pancreas 8) Appendix DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FUNCTIONS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 1) The digestive system breaks down the food eat into smaller pieces. 2) The digestive system absorbs nutrients for our body. 3) It takes the body roughly 24 hours to digest food. ESOPHAGUS The Esophagus is a tube that connects the mouth to the stomach. On the esophagus is a small flap called the Epiglottis that covers the windpipe when you swallow. STOMACH The stomach is a stretchy sac that helps break down food using hydrochloric acid. As you eat the stomach stretches like a balloon. SMALL INTESTINE The small intestine is 20 feet long. It continues to break down food and absorb nutrients. The three parts of the small intestine are the duodenum, jejunum and the ileum. Food stays in the small intestine for 4-8 hours. LARGE INTESTINE The large intestine is 5 feet long. It absorbs water and gets waste from the small intestine. The waste stays in the large intestine for 10 – 12 hours. GALLBLADDER The gallbladder stores bile which helps break down and use fats. The gallbladder is located directly under the liver. LIVER The liver detoxifies the body. It produces antibodies and bile. The liver stores vitamins and sugars and regulates amino acids. PANCREAS The pancreas produces insulin which helps break down sugars. People with diabetes have trouble producing insulin in the correct amounts. ENZYMES Without enzymes the digestive system could not function. The enzymes are the molecules in the body that break down all the food. Any enzyme that digest proteins are called protease. EXCRETORY SYSTEM Organs in the Excretory System: 1) Skin 2) Lungs 3) Liver 4) Kidneys 5) Urinary Tract 6) Large Intestine 7) Appendix 8) Colon 9) Anus FUNCTIONS OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM 1) To eliminate solid and metabolic waste. a) Solid waste is feces. b) Metabolic waste includes water, carbon dioxide, salts and urea. Egestion – the removal of digestive waste. Excretion – the removal of metabolic waste. SKIN The skin allows water, salt, urea to diffuse from the blood into the sweat glands. The sweat glands then release the waste through the pores of the skin. LUNGS The lungs excrete carbon dioxide and water through Cellular Respiration. LIVER The liver removes excess amino acids and excretes it in urine. KIDNEYS The kidneys purify the blood by eliminating water, salts, food and urea through the urine. URINARY TRACT Includes the kidney, bladder, ureter and the urethra. The kidneys produce the urine, the ureters carry the urine from the kidneys to the bladder, the bladder stores the urine and the urethra is the tube that excretes the urine. LARGE INTESTINE The large intestine eliminates undigested food, water and bacteria through the anus. The colon is located at the end of the large intestine and stores feces. The appendix is located at the end of the colon. Some scientists think it is used to store good bacteria, others think it is useless and left over from evolution.