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Transcript
Ecology The Biosphere • Ecology-the scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment, or surroundings The Biosphere • Biosphere-contains the combined portions of the planet in which all of life exists, including land, water, and air or atmosphere The Biosphere • Biotic Factor-biological/living influence on organisms within an ecosystem – Examples: other organisms, diseases, food The Biosphere • Abiotic Factor-physical/nonliving influence that shapes an ecosystem – Examples: temperature, precipitation, wind, soil type, sunlight The Biosphere • Species-a group of organisms so similar to one another that they can breed and produce fertile offspring The Biosphere • Population-group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area The Biosphere • Community-grouping of different populations (i.e. different species) that live together in a defined area The Biosphere • Ecosystem-collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving (abiotic) environment The Biosphere • Biome-groups of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar dominant communities The Biosphere • Producers/Autotrophs – Organisms that use energy from the sun to produce their own food (photosynthesis) – Examples: plants, trees, algae The Biosphere • Consumers/Heterotrophs – Organisms that cannot produce their own food – Obtain energy by eating producers or other organisms – Examples: animals and fungi Biotic or Abiotic? Biotic or Abiotic? Biotic or Abiotic? Producer or Consumer? Producer or Consumer? The Role of Climate • Weather-the day-to-day condition of Earth’s atmosphere – Changes from day to day The Role of Climate • Climate-average conditions over long periods – Patterns of temperature and precipitation over many years Factors that Affect Climate • The Greenhouse Effect – Energy/heat from the sun is either reflected back into space or absorbed in the biosphere – Greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor) trap heat in the atmosphere, which increases temperature Factors that Affect Climate • Latitude – Earth’s tilt causes the distribution of sunlight to change, causing three different climate zones: tropical, temperate, and polar Factors that Affect Climate • Heat Transport – There is an unequal distribution of heat, globally – This creates wind and ocean currents, which transport heat and moisture Biomes • 10 different biomes • Each biome is associated with seasonal patterns of temperature and precipitation • Described in terms of biotic and abiotic factors Biomes • • • • • • • • • • Tropical Rainforest Tropical Dry Forest Tropical Grassland/Savanna/Shrubland Desert Temperate Grassland Temperate Woodland and Shrubland Temperate Forest Northwestern Coniferous Forest/Temperate Rainforest Boreal Forest Tundra Feeding Relationships • There are 5 different types of consumers/heterotrophs: – Herbivores – Carnivores – Omnivores – Detritivores – Decomposers Feeding Relationships • Herbivore-consumer that obtains energy by only eating producers (plants) – Examples: cow, deer, caterpillars Feeding Relationships • Carnivore-consumer that obtains energy be eating other consumers (animals) – Examples: snakes, owls, lions Feeding Relationships • Omnivore-consumer that obtains energy by eating producers (plants) and consumers (animals) – Examples: bears and most humans Feeding Relationships • Detritivore-consumer that obtains energy by feeding on producer (plant) and consumer (animal) remains and other dead matter – Examples: crabs, snails, earthworms Feeding Relationships • Decomposer-consumer that obtains energy by breaking down organic matter and recycling nutrients – Example: bacteria and fungi Feeding Relationships • Food Chain-a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten Feeding Relationships • Food Web-links all the food chains in an ecosystem together Energy Flow • Trophic Level-a step in a food chain/web – Producers make up the first trophic level – Consumers make up the other trophic levels • There are primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers Energy Flow • Energy Pyramid-diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy or matter contained within each trophic level – Only 10% of the energy in a trophic level is passed on to the next trophic level Energy Flow • What can lead to disturbances to a food chain/web? • What can happen when a food chain/web is disturbed? • How can we prevent disturbances? Niche • Niche: all the physical and biological condition an organism lives with and the way the organism uses them. – Example: the temp, food type, environment, body…everything an organism needs to live properly • NO TWO organisms can have same niche in same community!! WHY??? Niche Habitat • Natural home or environment Organisms Interactions • Competition: when the same or different organism attempt to use same resources at same time • Predation: one organism captures or feeds on another Cont. Symbiosis: any relationship where 2 species live closely together. There are 3 types: 3 types of symbiosis Mutualism: both benefit + + Commensalism: one benefits while another is left unharmed and not helped + ( ) Parasitism: one organism lives on or inside another and harms it + - Succession • Ecological Succession- an ecosystem is constantly changing in response to natural and human disturbances – Primary Succession- succession on land where no soil exists or on newly exposed surfaces – Example: where these was a volcano and lava flowed over –Secondary Succession- when ecosystem is restored to original condition • Climax community- a biological community of plants, animals, and fungi which, through the process of ecological succession in the development of vegetation in an area over time, had reached a steady state. • Pioneer species- hardy species that is first to colonize a destroyed or disturbed area.