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8 Ways the Ideas at OpenCompute.org will Change the Data Center Industry Forever Kun Liang A20297859 ITM-535 Contents 1. Open Rack ........................................................................................................................................... 4 2. Electrical and Mechanical Design ..................................................................................................... 5 3. Battery Cabinet ................................................................................................................................... 7 4. Virtual IO .......................................................................................................................................... 10 5. Intel and AMD Motherboard........................................................................................................... 10 6. Power Supply..................................................................................................................................... 12 7. Open Hardware Management ......................................................................................................... 14 8. Open Vault Storage........................................................................................................................... 15 Reference ................................................................................................................................................... 17 A small team of Facebook engineers spent the almost two years tackling a big challenge: how to scale the computing infrastructure in the most efficient and economical way possible. They used: - Use a 480-volt electrical distribution system to reduce energy loss. - Remove anything in our servers that didn’t contribute to efficiency. - Reuse hot aisle air in winter to both heat the offices and the outside air flowing into the data center. - Eliminate the need for a central uninterruptible power supply. The result is that the trail data center uses 38 percent less energy to do the same work as Facebook’s existing facilities, while costing 24 percent less. Inspired by the model of open source software, they shared the innovations in their data center for the entire industry to use and improve upon. They announced the formation of the Open Compute Project, an industry-wide initiative to share specifications and best practices for creating the most energy efficient and economical data centers. My research paper is discussing about 8 ideas mentioned in OpenCompute.org will change the Data Center industry forever. The 8 ideas are Open Rack, 1. Open Rack The Open Rack can be configured as a server rack, storage box, and more. The Open Rack uses an all-encompassing design to accommodate compatible Open Compute Project chassis components, and include the power solution as well as input and output voltage distribution. This Open Rack implementation is a single column rack in a single cabinet. The rack is divided into one or more power zones. A power zone comprises an equipment bay for the compute, storage, or other components and a power shelf, which powers the computing components in the equipment bay. The power shelf includes backup power capability using an external Open Compute Project Battery Cabinet, or it comprises a power shelf and a Battery Backup Unit that embeds batteries. If there are multiple power zones, they are stacked one above another. The power shelf is described in Power Shelf Specifications. In this implementation, the rack has two Ethernet switches that are installed at the top of the rack, above the topmost power zone. This Open Rack implementation also include detail specification about: - Chassis Dimension Guidelines - Equipment Bay Options - Suggested Rack Heights - Prescribed Materials - Thermal Specifications - Power Shelf Specifications - Powering the IT Compute Chassis - Power Shelf and Battery Backup Options - Power Distribution Units (PDU) - Suggested PDU Dimensions and Configurations Open Rack implementation example: 2. Electrical and Mechanical Design The electrical system uses 480/277VAC distribution with a 48VDC UPS system integrated with a server power supply. The systems are designed to meet or exceed these standards: NEC, NFPA, ANSI, SFM, IEEE, NEMA, UL, IES, Local and State Building Code. Featured Electrical Systems In addition to standard data center electrical design elements (from grounding to transformers), the Facebook trail facility features these electrical and related systems: • 115 kV substation • Diesel backup generators • Main switchboards (MSB) • Battery monitoring • 480/277VAC distribution switchboards • Server battery backup • Power busduct system • Nitrogen-based fire sprinkler system eliminates pipe corrosion • LED lighting systems • Reactor power panels • Cam lock connections They designed a system with very low operating cost and a relatively low installed cost when compared to a conventional data center. Energy intensive cooling systems are replaced with far simpler and lighter technologies that allow for a ductless overhead air distribution that can operate in an expanded temperature and humidity range beyond 2008 ASHRAE TC9.9 guidelines. 3. Battery Cabinet One component of Open Compute Project is the battery cabinet. The battery cabinet is a standalone independent cabinet that provides backup power at 48VDC nominal to an Open Compute Project server triplet in the event of an AC outage in the data center. The batteries are a sealed VRLA 12V nominal, high-rate discharge type with a 10 year lifespan, commonly used in UPS systems, connected in a series of four elements for each group, for a nominal string voltage of 48V DC. There are five strings in parallel in the cabinet. The backup power requirement for the principal application is in the range of 42KW (6 x 7KW) to 72KW (6 x 12KW). The preliminary power level for all calculations is 56.6KW (6 x 9KW + 2.6KW) for the whole cabinet. The principal application is a system load composed of six independent main loads (9KW each nominal) and one secondary load (2.6KW nominal). The main load is the server load (offline backup power) while the secondary load is the IT switches load (online power and backup power). All loads are connected in parallel to the battery cabinet for the related backup functions. However: while it is powered by a separate AC/DC source when AC is present. batteries, whether or not AC is present. Any controllers needed in this application may also run on batteries if they need to be functional all the time. There are three rectifiers in the cabinet fed directly by 277VAC (phase and neutral from the 480VAC three-phase power distribution) implementing the functions of charger, trickle charge, and supply for the SCL. During the trickle-charge phase, the rectifier station supplies just enough current to compensate for the battery's internal leakage plus feeding the SCL that is always present (2.6KW maximum). The rectifiers work in conjunction with their controller (which may or may not be included within the rectifiers' shelf itself) for the charging process and control. The same controller may also handle the real-time impedance battery monitoring process, in addition to the charging process and control. Otherwise, a second "slave" controller may be used. The controller continuously monitors the health of the batteries (reading of V, I, T, Z, or a subset, including remote data accessibility, EOL approaching status_alarm, and so forth). The cabinet includes also several breakers, quick fuse disconnects, Hall sensors, a high current DC bus bar, and an LVD device. 4. Virtual IO The Open Compute Project seeks to provide scalable compute resources and infrastructure in an open manner, aligning with open source tenets. In a scale compute environment there is a tipping point where the demands of “scaling” introduce multifaceted problems with supply chain activities that require substantial time and investment to manage. Operational costs and component life cycles have posed barriers to operational efficiency and capital costs; the approach of tailoring hardware designs to reduce complexity and maximize efficiency is a viable means of offsetting some of this cost. The Virtual IO group believes that being able to combine and re-combine resources such as compute, memory, networking and storage (to name the most pressing) to fit a required need offers a new path to obtain greater efficiency. In short, Virtual IO has the ability to reduce the support burden, reduce the time to deliver a usable IT framework, and reduce the financial overhead of operating at scale; and do so utilizing open standards that are consistent in approach and application. 5. Intel and AMD Motherboard The Facebook engineers designed two different motherboards for the Open Compute Project: one for AMD CPUs and the other for Intel CPUs. Both motherboards have similar feature sets, including a direct interface with the power supply. The boards are bare-bone designs; they removed many common features that didn't need, like multiple expansion slots. In some cases they designed workarounds — like reboot over LAN — to maintain the functionality of removed components without adding costs. -Intel Motherboard The OCP specification for the Intel v2.0 motherboard uses two Intel® Xeon® E52600 processors and 16 DIMM slots per board. The boards are power-optimized, barebones designs that provide the lowest capital and operating costs. Many features found in traditional motherboards have been removed from the design. The v1.0 Intel motherboard is a dual Intel Xeon® 5500 or Intel Xeon® 5600 socket motherboard with 18 DIMM slots. -AMD Motherboard The OCP specification for the AMD v2.0 motherboard is a dual AMD G34 socket motherboard with 16 DIMM slots. The boards are power-optimized barebones designs that provide the lowest capital and operating costs. Many features found in traditional motherboards have been removed from the design. The v1.0 AMD motherboard is a dual AMD Opteron® 6100 Series socket motherboard with 24 DIMM slots. 6. Power Supply One of the most challenging pieces of hardware to develop for the Open Compute server was the power supply. They decided to push the limits of efficiency and at the same time create a novel backup system to replace the traditional data center UPS. The OCP 700W-SH AC/DC power converter, a single voltage 12.5Vdc, closed frame, self-cooled power supply used in high efficiency IT applications. The supply is configurable to a 450W-SH power rating (like the Open Compute Project 450W power supply), as both models use the same PCBs, with just pin-to-pin component replacements.This device works in conjunction with the Open Compute Project battery backup cabinet and custom power strips. The original OCP 450W power supply is an AC/DC power converter, single voltage 12.5VDC, closed frame, self-cooled power supply used in high-efficiency applications. The power converter includes independent AC input and DC output connectors, plus a DC input connector for backup voltage. Current sharing and parallel operations are not required, while the main focus is a design with very high electrical efficiency. 7. Open Hardware Management Scale computing requires a small and stable set of tools to remotely management machines. The strategy is to define these tools by looking at the needs of a scaleout/stateless machine system administrator to trouble shoot and provision machines. These use cases tease out the actual requirements and prevents features non-essential feature out of the specification which divided into three sections: 1. Approach 2. Scale-out / Stateless Machine System Administrator Tasks and recommended best practices 3. Remote Machine Management Specification Examples of the scale-out SA tasks are: • Initial machine provisioning • Reset machine BMC to defaults • Wrong boot order • Odd machine behavior • Hung Machine • Understanding power and cooling • Security and authorizing systems admins • Inventory • Machine crash analysis For each scale-out task, there are recommended tool/functional best practices that will be used with existing standards. As well, there are some infrastructure requirements implicit in these best practices. When matching the recommendations, some of the aspects are minor features that may be dropped, or some functions may have more features than required. 8. Open Vault Storage The Open Vault storage unit is a 2U-30HDD storage enclosure, consisting of two identical 1U high HDD trays with 15 x 3.5" HDDs and two SAS expander boards on each, one fan control board, and six redundant fan modules mounted externally in the rear of the chassis. An Open Vault storage server fits into the Open Compute Project Open Rack. Each HDD tray contains one drive plane board and two SAS expander boards, interfaces external to one or more separate server(s) via x4 SAS 6G link(s). Each SAS expander board and HDD tray can be extracted and serviced independently without impact to the other connected trays. This provides for the easy replacement of one SAS expander board or the replacement of a single HDD while keeping the whole system running. Each fan module is hot pluggable and field replaceable from the rear of the chassis. Also there are power connecter(s) to the Open Rack bus bars so that the 12V main power from the Open Rack can be fed into the Open Vault enclosure. Reference https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/building-efficient-datacenters-with-the-open-compute-project/10150144039563920 http://hardware.slashdot.org/story/12/09/19/2123219/open-compute-projectpublishes-final-open-rack-spec http://opencompute.org/