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Chapter I: W/h Questions
Wh- Questions allow a speaker to find out
more information about topics. They are as
follows:
When?
Where?
Who?
Why?
How?
What?
Time
Place
Person
Reason
Manner
Object/Idea/Action
Other words can also be used to inquire about
specific information:
Which (one)?
Whose?
Whom?
How much?
How many?
How long?
How often?
How far?
What kind (of)?
Choice of alternatives
Possession
Person (objective formal)
Price, amount (non-count)
Quantity (count)
Duration
Frequency
Distance
Description
• The "grammar" used with wh- questions depends on whether the
topic being asked about is the "subject" or "predicate" of a
sentence. For the subject pattern, simply replace the person or
thing being asked about with the appropriate wh-word.
• (Someone has my baseball.) Who has my baseball?
• (Something is bothering you.) What is bothering you?
• For the predicate pattern, wh- question formation depends on
whether there is an "auxiliary" verb in the original sentence.
Auxiliary or "helping" verbs are verbs that precede main verbs.
Auxiliary verbs are italicized in the following sentences.
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I can do it.
They are leaving.
I have eaten my lunch.
I should have finished my homework.
• To make a question using the predicate pattern, first
form a yes/no question by inverting the subject and
(first) auxiliary verb. Then, add the appropriate whword to the beginning of the sentence.
(You will leave some time.)
? will you leave
When will you leave?
(He is doing something.)
? is he doing
What is he doing?
(They have been somewhere.)
? have they been
Where have they been?
• If there is no auxiliary and the verb is "be,"
invert the subject and verb, then add the
appropriate wh- word to the beginning of the
sentence.
(He is someone.)
? is he
Who is he?
(The meeting was some time.)
? was the meeting
When was the meeting?
• If there is no auxiliary and the verb is not "be," add
do to the beginning of the sentence. Then add the
appropriate wh-question word. Be sure to "transfer"
the tense and number from the main verb to the
word do.
(You want something.)
? do you want
What do you want?
(You went somewhere.)
? did you go (past tense)
Where did you go?
(She likes something.)
? does she like (third person -s)
What does she like?
Chapter 2: Yes/No Questions
• In English, there are two basic types of questions: yes/no
questions and wh- questions.
• Yes/no questions are asked using be, have, do, or a modal
verb. Yes/no questions always begin with one of these
verbs and can be answered with a simple yes or no, or with
the question repeated as a statement.
• Note: It's impossible to ask a yes/no question without one
of these auxiliary verbs.
• He want a car?
• Does he want a car?
• You going to eat with us?
• Are you going to eat with us?
• BE
• Use the verb be to ask about identity,
description, location, and present or past
activities and situations.
• Identity / Description
• You can use be plus a noun or adjective to ask
about the identity or description of a person,
place, or thing.
Am I your best friend?
Yes (you are).
Is this interesting?
No (it is not).
Are these islands part of
Greece?
Yes (they are).
Was his idea good?
No (it wasn't).
Were they happy?
Yes (they were).
Am I your best friend? Yes (you are).
Is this interesting?
No (it is not).
Are these islands part of
Yes (they are).
Greece?
Was his idea good?
No (it wasn't).
Were they happy?
Yes (they were).
Location
• Be plus a prepositional phrase asks about present or
past location.
Am I near your house?
No (you aren't).
Is he in Panamá?
Yes (he is).
Are we at the border yet?
No (we're not).
Was his apartment above a bakery?
Yes (it was).
Were the demonstrations downtown?
No (they weren't).
Current activity / situation
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To ask about a current activity or situation, use the present
progressive: present tense of be + present participle (verb+ing).
Am I going with you and Tom?
Yes (you are).
Is England adopting the euro?
No (it isn't).
Are we seeing a play tonight?
Yes (we are).
Is she working today?
No (she isn't).
Past activity / situation
To ask about a past activity or situation, use the past
progressive: past tense of be + present participle.
• Was it raining?
• Yes (it was).
• Was Anna cooking?
• No (she wasn't).
• Were the prisoners rebelling?
• Yes (they were).
• Were they singing?
• No (they weren't).
Past event
To ask about something that happened to someone or
something, use the passive voice: past tense of be + past
participle (verb + ed or en):
• Was he given a reward?
• Yes (he was).
• Was I chosen?
• No (you weren't).
• Were you driven home in a taxi?
• Yes (we were).
• Were dinosaurs killed by meteors?
• No (they weren't).
HAVE
Use the verb have to ask if some action has taken place or whether
somebody has done something.
• Notice that the auxiliary verb have is in the present tense* and the main
verb is always a past participle.
• Has your brother left?
• No (he hasn't).
• Have you flown before?
• Yes (I have).
• Has the party started?
• Yes (it has).
• Have the guests eaten?
• No (they haven't).
• *It is possible to ask a yes/no question with had, but this is done in very
specific situations and will be explained in a future lesson.
DO
Use the verb do to obtain facts about people, places, or things.
• Do is always followed by the subject and then a verb in the infinitive
without to.
• Do they smoke?
• No (they don't).
• Does Bogotá get cold?
• Yes (it does).
• Did it work?
• No (it didn't).
• Do flying fish really fly?
• No (they don't).
• Does running hurt your knees?
• Yes (it does).
• Did teaching challenge you?
• Yes (it did).
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MODALS
Use modal verbs to obtain more information about possibilities or uncertainties.
Modals are always followed by verbs in the infinitive without to.
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Can we stay?
Yes (we can stay).
Could this be true?
Yes (it could be true).
Should they stop?
No (they shouldn't).
May I help you?
Yes (you may).
Will it rain?
No (it won't rain).
Would you go with me?
Yes (I would).
• Remember: When asking a question with do or a modal
verb, the main verb remains in the infinitive without to.
• Do you to drink coffee?
• Do you drink coffee?
• Does she to work here?
• Does she work here?
• Can I to go with you?
• Can I go with you?
• Should we to email her?
• Should we email her?
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However, if there are two verbs in the infinitive after
do, the second infinitive must use to.
Do you want drink coffee?
Do you want to drink coffee?
Does she like work here?
Does she like to work here?
Did you need go home?
Did you need to go home?
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Remember: It's impossible to ask a yes/no question without an auxiliary verb.
He know your phone number?
Does he know your phone number?
They returning today?
Are they returning today?
Note that there are several ways to answer yes/no questions, especially with
contractions.
Is he busy?
No.
No, he isn't.
No, he's not.
No, he is not.
No, he isn't busy.
No, he's not busy.
No, he is not busy.
Chapter 3: Past tense
• Explanation
• 1. The simple past tense is expressed with the past
form of the verb and nothing else.
• My grandfather died last year. (C)
My grandfather was died last year. (I)
My grandfather has died last year. (I)
• 2. The simple past tense refers to
• a. action which occurred at a specific time in the past
b. completed action
c. past status
Examples
Specific past action
• I ate lunch at noon today.
He drove to work yesterday.
Completed action
• She finally mailed the letter.
Jan finished her report on time.
Past status
• John was still single in 1995.
Jane was a movie star.
Chapter 4: Infinitives
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Infinitives are defined as to + base form of the verb.
They have several functions.
1. Used as subjects and subject complements.
To know me is to love me.
To live in Hawaii is my lifetime dream.
2. Used as objects following certain verbs*.
I wanted to tell you how much I appreciated your gift.
He hesitated to ask the embarrassing question.
3. Used as a shortened form of in order to.
You must take this medicine (in order) to get well.
I went to the bank to cash a check.
• Infinitives can sometimes take objects of their
own.
• We hope to find the person who did this.
• I was asked to make a dessert for the potluck
dinner.
• *These verbs are commonly followed by
infinitives.
Afford
aim
decide
seem
agree
arrange
choose
know( how)
deserve
learn (how)
stop
Ask
Vote
Would ike
Chapter 7: Gerund
Gerunds are defined as the -ing form of a verb. They have several
functions.
1. Used as subjects and complements
• Skiing is my favorite sport.
• Hiking can be very strenuous.
• Seeing is believing
2. Used as objects following prepositions and prepositional expressions
• Thanks for tending my children.
• The job consists of typing, filing, and answering the phone.
3. Used as objects following certain verbs*.
• The children enjoyed watching the parade.
• Ms. Terrell avoided paying her taxes until it was too late.
Gerunds can sometimes take objects of their
own:
• Roland is afraid of making mistakes.
• Sandy is considering leaving New York.
SOME VERBS COMMONLY FOLLOWED BY GERUND
admit
begin
discuss
hate
love
practice
regret
stop
avoid
deny
advise
can't help
dislike
hesitate
mention
prefer
remember
suggest
go
like
postpone
anticipate
complete
enjoy
imagine
mind
quit
resent
threaten
recommend
start
understand
appreciate
consider
finish
intend
miss
recall
resist
tolerate
attempt
delay
forget
keep
neglect
recollect
risk
try
• *The verb stop is followed by either a gerund or an
infinitive, depending on meaning.
• I stopped smoking (meaning “I no longer smoke”)
• He stopped to light his pipe (meaning”He stopped doing
something else in order to light his pipe”)
• **Notice that the verb phrase, can’t help (eaning “can’t
prevent” or can’t stop”) is used with gerund.
• His jokes are so funny that I can’t help laughing at them
• I couldn’t help overhearing your comment
• ***The verb go is followed by the –ing form of many
“activity verbs”: go shopping, go dancing, go skiing, go
bowling and others
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Chapter 8: Comparisons
• The Comparative Form for Adjectives
One-syllable words
two-syllable
two syllables or
words ending in y more not ending
in y
add er
drop the y and add ier
use more / don't add er
big bigger
noisy noisier
dangerous more dangerous
old older
busy busier
expensive more expensive
nice nicer
crazy crazier
comfortable more comfortable
young younger
lazy lazier
humid more humid
fast faster
funny funnier
tired more tired
cheap cheaper
dry drier
acceptable more acceptable
• There are some exceptions: good, bad, far,
and fun are adjectives that don't follow the
rules when making the comparative form.
good - better
Bad - worse
Far - farther
fun - more fun
• Never use two comparatives together on an
adjective:
• more cheaper
• more noisier
• more older
The Superlative Form; (differences in 3 + things
or 3 + people)
One-syllable words
two syllable
words ending in y
two syllables or
more
not ending
in y
add est
drop the y and ad iest
use most / don't add est
big biggest
noisy noisiest
dangerous most dangerous
old oldest
busy busiest
expensive most expensive
nicer nicest
crazy craziest
comfortable most comfortable
young youngest
lazy laziest
humid most humid
fast fastest
funny funniest
tired most tired
cheap cheapest
dry driest
acceptable most acceptable
• There are some exceptions: good, bad, far,
and fun are adjectives that don't follow the
rules when making the comparative form.
good - best
bad - worst
far - farthest
fun - most fun
• Never use two superlatives together on an
adjective:
• most cheapest
• most noisiest
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• It's often necessary to use "the" in front of the
superlative:
Comparative Adverbs
• Adverbs in the comparative form describe verbs,
adjectives, and other adverbs.
• Adverbs usually end in "ly"
• Making the comparative form for adverbs is not
as easy as making the comparative form for
adjectives. Remember, most adverbs end in "ly,"
so most adverbs are two-syllable words;
therefore, you will usually use "more" in front of
the adverb to make the comparison.
• Many Americans ignore the rules for comparative
adverbs, but you should still learn how to use
them properly.
• so most adverbs are two-syllable words;
therefore, you will usually use "more" in front
of the adverb to make the comparison.
• Many Americans ignore the rules for
comparative adverbs, but you should still
learn how to use them properly.
• A subway train can get you through the city
more quickly than a bus.
• ("more quickly" describes the verb "get."
"Get" is a verb.)
• A laptop computer allows her to do her work
more efficiently.
Superlative Adverbs
• Adverbs in the superlative form describe
verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.
• Adverbs usually end in "ly"
• Making the superlative form for adverbs is
even more difficult than the comparative
form. Many Americans avoid doing it, so you
might not hear it used very often.
Example:
• He rides his bike most frequently in the
morning.
• She is most likely to become a doctor after she
finishes med school.
• Birds sing most beautifully in the morning.
Some adverbs don't use "ly" endings.
For these words, just add "est."
• They play well together, but they play best
when they're under pressure.
• They perform the worst on the field when
they don't practice.
• John is the hardest working player on the
team.
• Burt runs the fastest, so he's a wide receiver.
Chapter 9: Transitional Words
Illustration
• Thus, for example, for instance, namely, to illustrate, in other words, in particular,
specifically, such as.
Contrast
• On the contrary, contrarily, notwithstanding, but, however, nevertheless, in spite
of, in contrast, yet, on one hand, on the other hand, rather, or, nor, conversely, at
the same time, while this may be true.
Addition
• And, in addition to, furthermore, moreover, besides, than, too, also, both-and,
another, equally important, first, second, etc., again, further, last, finally, not onlybut also, as well as, in the second place, next, likewise, similarly, in fact, as a result,
consequently, in the same way, for example, for instance, however, thus, therefore,
otherwise.
Time
• After, afterward, before, then, once, next, last, at last, at length, first, second, etc.,
at first, formerly, rarely, usually, another, finally, soon, meanwhile, at the same
time, for a minute, hour, day, etc., during the morning, day, week, etc., most
important, later, ordinarily, to begin with, afterwards, generally, in order to,
subsequently, previously, in the meantime, immediately, eventually, concurrently,
simultaneously.
Space
• At the left, at the right, in the center, on the side, along the edge, on top, below,
beneath, under, around, above, over, straight ahead, at the top, at the bottom,
surrounding, opposite, at the rear, at the front, in front of, beside, behind, next to,
nearby, in the distance, beyond, in the forefront, in the foreground, within sight,
out of sight, across, under, nearer, adjacent, in the background.
Concession
• Although, at any rate, at least, still, thought, even though, granted that, while it
may be true, in spite of, of course.
Similarity or Comparison
• Similarly, likewise, in like fashion, in like manner, analogous to.
Emphasis
• Above all, indeed, truly, of course, certainly, surely, in fact, really, in truth, again,
besides, also, furthermore, in addition.
Details
• Specifically, especially, in particular, to explain, to list, to enumerate, in detail,
namely, including.
Examples
• For example, for instance, to illustrate, thus, in other words, as an
illustration, in particular.
Consequence or Result
• So that, with the result that, thus, consequently, hence, accordingly,
for this reason, therefore, so, because, since, due to, as a result, in
other words, then.
Summary
• Therefore, finally, consequently, thus, in short, in conclusion, in
brief, as a result, accordingly.
Suggestion
• For this purpose, to this end, with this in mind, with this purpose in
mind, therefore
Chapter 11: Embedded Questions
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An embedded question is contained within a statement or
a question. The important thing here is word order:
1. I don't know where the library is.
2. Do you know where the library is?
compare to:
3. Where is the library?
The first two examples show an embedded question. The
word order is subject and then verb.
The third example is just a regular question in which the
word order is verb and then subject. In this lesson, we will
learn about how to make questions and statements that
have questions within them.
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Frequently these are used in conversation:
What does this taste like?
I don't know what it tastes like.
Do you know what it tastes like?
• Where did you buy this cake?
• I can't remember where I bought it.
• Where did they move to?
• I have no idea where they moved to.
• Does anyone know where they moved to?
• Why do leaves change color in the fall.
• I don't know why they change colors.
• Is there a website that can explain why leaves
change color in the fall?
• How long has she been gone on her trip.
• I'm not sure how long she's been gone.
• Does anyone know how long she's been gone?
• How much did you pay for those shoes?
• I'm not sure how much I paid for them.
• Does the receipt show how much I paid for
them?
• When did she learn how to ride a tricycle?
• I can't remember when she learned.
• Do you think she remembers when she
learned to do that?