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Warm Up • Turn to page 378, Read “What are the dangers and rewards of going on a Crusade?” • After reading the article decide whether or not you would have gone on Crusade. Remember to support your decision with evidence. The Crusades A. Crusades 1. Based on the idea of a holy war against the infidel, or unbeliever. 2. Directed against Muslims. 3. Pope Urban II called for the liberation of Jerusalem and the Holy Land of Palestine from the Muslims. Pope promised remission of sins and land grants along with the promise of fame and fortune. “ All who die by the way, whether by land or by sea, or in battle against the pagans, shall have remission of sins.” B. Goals of the Crusade 1. The Crusades had economic, social, and political goals as well as religious motives. a. Muslims had control of Palestine and threatened Constantinople. b. Offered kings & the Church both an opportunity to rid of quarrelsome knights who fought each other. c. Younger sons were seeking land and fame. d. Merchants made money by funding the Crusades. C. The First Crusade 1. What started as a minor call for aid quickly turned into a wholesale migration and conquest of territory outside of Europe. 2. Most of the Crusaders were French, but came from all parts of Europe. 3. The Crusaders were illprepared for war and only 12,000 out of 48,000 made it to Jerusalem. Knights and peasants traveled over land and by sea towards Jerusalem and captured the city in July 1099, establishing the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the other Crusader states. 4. The first Crusade was the only crusade—in contrast to the many that followed—to achieve its stated goal. Turn to textbook page 383 • Complete the Geography Skillbuilder questions D. The Second Crusade 1. The Second Crusade was announced by Pope Eugenius III, and was the first of the crusades to be led by European kings, namely Louis VII of France and Conrad of III of Germany. 2. The armies of the two kings marched separately across Europe. 3. Both armies were separately defeated by the Seljuk Turks. 4. The crusade in the east was a failure for the crusaders and a great victory for the Muslims. 5. It would ultimately lead to the fall of Jerusalem to the Muslim leader Saladin in 1187. E. Third Crusade 1. Three important leaders led their forces into the East. 2. Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of Germany. 3. Richard I (Richard the Lionhearted) of England. 4. Phillip II (Phillip Augustus) King of France. 5. Lack of leadership and organization led to its failure. 6. Richard negotiated a settlement in which Saladin agreed to allow Christian pilgrims free access to Jerusalem. F. Reconquista 1. The Reconquista was the long effort of the Spanish to drive the Muslims out of Spain. (about 1100 – 1500 CE) 2. The Spanish monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella used the inquisition, a court to suppress heresy, to unify their country under Christianity and to increase their power. G. The Effects of the Crusades 1. Greater economic freedom/activity for those left at home (particularly women) 2. Lessened the power of the Pope 3. Weakened feudal nobility and increased the power of kings (thousands of knights and other participants lost their lives and fortunes) 4. The fall of Constantinople weakened the Byzantine Empire 5. Led to the growth of trade, towns, and universities in medieval Europe 6. The intolerance and prejudice displayed by Christians left a legacy of bitterness and hatred on the part of Muslims The Crusades