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Transcript
SMS+TMSC Middle School Science Chemistry 2016-17 Study Guide Test on Tue Jan 24, 2017 Grade 6 - Nutrient Chemistry & Lab Work This is only a framework - refer to teachernotes, lab sheets and your own notes! Vocabulary ester - a chemical made from combining a carbon-based acid and an alcohol. acid - a chemical that donates H+ (hydrogen ions or protons). Vinegar is a weak acid. base - a chemical that donates OH- (hydroxide ions). Baking soda is a weak base. alcohol - a hydrocarbon with an added OH group. protein - a caloric nutrient that can be structural (materials) or functional (machines) and is made of amino acids. fat - a slippery molecule used for the body to store energy. carbohydrate - a carbon, hydrogen and oxygen molecule that includes sugar and starch. sugar - a ring-base molecule that tastes sweet and provides energy in the body. starch - a chain of sugars that form the food for plants. amino acid - the nitrogen-containing building block of protein. fatty acid - the building block of fats and oils. calorie - in food, the amount of heat that can raise 1 liter of water by 1 degree C. nutrients - substances that provide chemicals essential to metabolism and growth of an organism. nucleic acid - the acids that contain genetic codes used to make proteins. RNA - the messenger and transfer molecules that carry information from DNA to amino acids. DNA - the “double helix” molecule that contains the codes to make proteins. The code uses an “alphabet” with only four letters and all “words” are three letters long. hydrogen peroxide - H2O2, it is unstable and donates the extra O (oxygen) to other chemicals. vitamin - a chemical that an enzyme uses to complete its job. They were VITAL to nutrition and the first ones discovered were AMINES - so they were called vit-amins. iron oxide - iron with oxygen bound to it - also called rust, it is the reddish-brown coating on audio and video tapes and hard disk drives. Concepts Nutritive (providing nutrition) chemicals include carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals and water. These are made of sugars, starches and fiber (carbs) amino acids (proteins), fatty acids (fats). DNA and RNA do provide nutrition but contain dna translate the genetic code in our cells, and are ruined by cooking. You create heat energy and energy for motion in the body by metabolizing chemicals. Metabolism means oxidation - adding oxygen. Adding oxygen is technically burning. Your body burns glucose to create energy. Any other carbs, fats or proteins that will be used for creating heat are converted to sugars and burned. The heat is measured in calories. Protein and carbs each can generate about 4 calories for every gram of material. Fats can generate 9 calories per gram. Sugars release energy, fats store energy and proteins are either the structural parts of a cell or the machines that make things (“enzymes”) in and for the cell. Extra nutrient molecules that cannot be used for energy or to build body parts are stored in the body as fat. Everybody needs a certain amount of calories just to keep their body running each day. That’s around 15 calories per pound of weight. Bring in more without spending more energy and that food is stored as fat and you gain weight. Spend more (exercise) without eating more and that fat is burned, and you lose weight. By knowing how much you weigh, how much you eat, how much you exercise, you can control and change what your body does with your food, your weight and your health. Labs In the acid / base lab, we mixed acid and base to get a salt, water and carbon dioxide gas. Acids and bases are very reactive and exist in many foods. We used an indicator - cabbage juice - to see if certain compounds were acids or bases. In the iron oxide lab, we combined iron powder and salt to create rust or iron oxide. Since the salt and iron were dry powders, the reaction went very slowly. When we added water, it went slightly faster. When we added hydrogen peroxide, the extra oxygen left the peroxide, producing water and iron oxide much faster. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
