Download APE Unit 1-ABSENT

UNIT ONE-RENAISSANCE
End of Feudalism and the Beginning of the Renaissance
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Content Check #!
What was secularism? Manorialism? Feudalism?
Which minority was persecuted during the
Middle Ages? Why?
What do flagellants do and WHY?
How does Nationalism and how does it start?
(Concentrate on the economic reason)
What is a guild?
Analyze how the Hundred Years’ War, Black
Plague, and the Great Schism led to the
Renaissance
UNIT ONE-RENAISSANCE
End of Feudalism and the Beginning of the
Renaissance
 Humanism, Art, and Rebirth
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An Overview
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Crisis of the Late Middle Ages
New Material
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Renaissance: Recovery & Rediscovery
– Recovery: Europe following the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages
 Political, Economic and Social Changes
– Rediscovery: The Return of Classical Learning
 Italian Renaissance: Why Italy?
– Economic, political and social structure of Italian citystates
– The Major Players and Achievements
 Northern Renaissance: How did it compare?
– The Major Players and Achievements
Crisis of the Late Middle
Ages
1350-1450
Famine, Plague, War, Economic
Crisis
And the Decline of the Church
Famine
“Little Ice Age” brought torrential rains
 Severe weather damaged crops 13251322, causing the “Great Famine”
 Poor nutrition increased susceptibility to
diseases
 Price controls could not stop inflation
 The starving attacked Jews, lepers and
the wealthy as scapegoats
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Black Death
Arrived in Italy in 1347 from Asia
 Generated in humans from fleas on rats,
most common in cities, which were
havens for disease
 Single boil was followed by bleeding under
the skin, vomit, then death
 30%-60% of the population died
(depending on area)
 Jews attacked again
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The Disease Cycle
Flea drinks rat blood
that carries the
bacteria.
Bacteria
multiply in
flea’s gut.
Human is infected!
Flea bites human and
regurgitates blood
into human wound.
Flea’s gut clogged
with bacteria.
The Symptoms
Bulbous
Septicemic Form:
almost 100%
mortality rate.
Consequences of the Plague
More inflation will occur
As labor became expensive, riots occurred over
wages. Overall it benefited workers and
artisans, especially those in guilds
 Many priests will die of the plague, encouraging
the endowment of new colleges
 The plague caused pessimism in the Church, as
well as fanaticism (anti-Semitism and
“flagellants” from Latin flagellare, to whip)
 A morbid obsession with death will haunt art
and literature
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– Psychology of the Black Death
 Blaming of certain groups- Jews
 Pessimism across Europe
 Artist Obsession with death
 Flagellantism
– Religious Fervor
– Disease from god to punish man of sins
(The Great Flood)
The Hundred Years’ War
Pg. 351 in your textbook
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Started as a dispute over inherited land claims
between the French and English monarchies
Fought primarily in France
England will be the early winner due to the Long
Bow and Canon
French troops will rally around Joan of Arc,
changing the course of the war
Joan of Arc will be caught by English allies of
France and burned at the stake, but the spirit
she endowed in the troops will lead to victory
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The Hundred Years War 1337-1453
– France vs. England
 Philip of Valois vs. Edward III
– Causes
 Edward III of England claims the French
Throne
 Was the grandson of King Phillip the Fair
of France
 Seized Aquitaine in 1337
 French Barons backed Edwards claim
– Wanted to go against the French king who was
trying to centralize rule
 Flemish supporters backed Edwards claim;
wood trade England/Flanders
 French and English saw war as a way to
avoid internal social problems
Long Bow vs Cross Bow
Faster loading; further;
into chainmail; more
skill required
Slower loading; less
reach; easier to learn to
shoot
Sketch by Leonardo
Da Vinci
Joan of Arc
•1485
Artist’s
interpretation – only
portrait of her did not
survive
•Aka “Maid of Orleans”
•Becomes symbol for
French people to take
back country from
English
•Later betrayed by her
own king
•Sainted in 1920
•Most of what we know
is speculation
Consequences of the War
“Nationalism” (intense feeling of national pride
and unity) begins to take root
 Economies of both will suffer, leading to further
taxes on peasants. Parliament will gain power in
England, the Estates General will lose power in
France as a result of taxing methods
 England will lose all French possessions, except
Calais (remember map from text)
 Most importantly, the move toward a strong
centralized, hereditary monarchy will begin to
replace the notion of a “feudal” order
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Decline of Church Prestige
1309-1376, the Papacy was moved to Avignon,
France and made a puppet of the monarchy:
Known as Babylonian Captivity
 Shortly after it’s return to Rome, an Italian Pope
was chosen – Urban VI
 Urban VI was a ruthless reformer, and the
Cardinals secretly chose French Pope Clement
VII
 As Kings lined up behind one pope or the other,
common folk became confused and the
Churches prestige was further weakened (Great
Schism)
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Life in the Middle Ages (14th and 15th
Centuries)
– Relationships between nobility and peasants
– Marriage and Family
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16 to 18 years for women later for men
The oldest profession
Marriage usually governed by economic factors
Divorce did not exist
Church regulations were not usually followed
– Life in the Parish
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Increased lay management because of church crisis
Center of life in Middle ages
Increase in Guilds
Widespread drunkenness and violence
Bull Baiting and Bear Baiting Sports
Execution of William Wallace
The Renaissance
1450 (or so) - 1550
Recovery & Rediscovery
Reformation & Reconciliation
Recovery
Population: Substantial population growth in the late
fifteenth – sixteenth centuries due to better farming
techniques, more land being farmed and new crops
introduced from America. By 1550 it had reached preplague levels
Economics: As the populations grew, the economy revived.
A money economy will develop again along with the
availability of credit. Wealthy banking families will gain
power and prestige throughout Europe. Manufacturing
will also grow.
Socially: Famine, plague and war gave survivors a new
meaning of life. They began to celebrate life, and
question the church.
Rediscovery
Test
Idea
Writers and artists began to express their new view on
life and the printing press allowed for a revival in
education and the availability of texts
 Many were influenced by Greco-Roman classical styles
preserved by Muslim and Byzantine scholars. Western
Europeans came in contact with them through travel,
trade and “crusade”.
 The new art and literature focused more on secular than
religious themes, and expressed the Renaissance
intellectual movement known as “Humanism” which
emphasized the individual.
 Artists and sculptors will pay more attention to
perspective and realistic styles, common in Greco-Roman
art
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Secularism and Humanism
Secularism focused the worldly rather than the
spiritual (on the here and now versus the
“forever after”). Life was to be enjoyed, not just
endured.
 Humanism – a movement in which scholars
studied the classics which emphasized
individualism. Individualism stressed the full
development of human potential and
glorification of human achievement
 In what ways are these ideas expressed in
Greek art and literature? You will find those
common themes in the Renaissance
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Content Check #1
(can you answer these now)
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What was secularism? Manorialism? Feudalism?
Which minority was persecuted during the
Middle Ages? Why?
What do flagellants do and WHY?
How does Nationalism and how does it start?
(Concentrate on the economic reason)
What is a guild?
Analyze how the Hundred Years’ War, Black
Plague, and the Great Schism led to the
Renaissance
Content Check #2
On a scrap piece of paper, list as many art
techniques as you can.
 Next, identify at least one piece of art and
its artist for each technique you can
remember
 Explain HOW it depicts an idea of the
Renaissance (Humanism? New art
techiques?)
 Check your answers when you’re done.
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“New” (?) Techniques
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Medieval art
– Egg tempera and
woodcarvings were
common
– Flat, no perspective
– Symbolic
– Religious
- clothed/censored
- Unrealistic
- Sculpture “bas relief”
- Gothic Architecture (flying
buttresses, stained glass,
sculptures and illuminated
manuscript)
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Renaissance art
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Frescoes, oil paintings
Perspective
Lifelike
Religious and secular
themes
– Free-standing sculpture
– Greco-Roman (you know,
columns and stuff) and
Dome architecture
Gothic
Religious
subject
matter
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Flying Buttresses
Flat painting – no perceived depth
WE HAVE PERSPECTIVE!
Depth Perception
and looks like a
“picture”
School of Athens – Raphael
Pythagorus
Raphael looking out
Plato and Aristotle
Labeled School of Athens
The Sistine Chapel - Michelangelo
DAVID
*Florence
*Two years to complete
*Fractured
*Religious symbol meant for
church, but placed outside a
government building
*Placement turns it into a symbol
of civic liberties.
*Florence vs Medici
Pieta – Michelangelo (@Vatican)
Content Check #3
Define vernacular. How does it represent the
Humanism movement? Give examples including
books/writings.
 What is the political setup of the Italian CityState and why were they city-states not one
country?
 Why does Italy become THE center of the
Renaissance? Why does it begin in Italy?
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Literature
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Middle Ages
– Theology, law, history
were dominant themes
– Wrote mostly in Latin
– Legendary themes on
the feats of knights
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Major Test
Idea
Renaissance
– First modern writers
(Humanists)
– Wrote in the
vernacular
– Sonnets, biographies
– Secular tales, political
and social themes
The Renaissance Man and Woman
Pg. 429 (7th) & Pg. 391 (10th)
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Men
– Charming, witty
– Well-educated, especially in
the classics
– Talented in the arts
– Talented in warfare skills
(riding, wrestling, fencing)
– Collectively called “virtu”
– Example: Leonardo da
Vinci
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Women
Major Test
Idea
– Charming
– Educated in the
classics
– Inspire and be a
patron of (not
necessarily create) art
– Example: Catherine
Medici
Breaking Out of the Mold:
Christine de Pizan
The Book of the City of Ladies
“I am amazed by the opinion of some men
who claim they do not want their (women)
to be educated because their mores
(morals) would be ruined…..you can
clearly see that not all opinions of men are
based on reason..”
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Vernacular
Literature
– Dante’s Divine
Comedy a symbolic
pilgrimage through
hell, purgatory,
and paradise to
God
 Criticism of some
church authority
 Tension that
existed between
church and people
– Canterbury
Tales- journey
to shrine in
England
 Materialistic
and worldly
views
 People in
England the
Church
 The Black Death
 Geoffrey
Chaucer 13121400
– Dediderius Erasmus was
a Christian humanist
from Holland
 Believed in Christianity of
the heart not of ritual
and rules
 Wrote The Praise and
Folly which poked fun at:
– Priest, Merchants,
Scholars, and Heartsick
Lovers
 Believed all people should
study the Bible
 Always said he was not
directly attacking the
institution of the Roman
Catholic Church
The City-States of Italy
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Politically
– Usually principalities or republics with constitutional oligarchies
dominated by wealthy, powerful families
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Economically
– Were economically successful due to their geographic location as a
point of exchange between east and west. Printing and textile
manufacturing were also profitable.
– Development of banking in the 14th century helped finance trade and
commerce, which will revive along with the population following the
Black Plague
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Socially
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Merchant capitalism eroded the power of the nobility
Fat people included elite, nobles, wealthy merchants and manufacturers
The “middle people” included small merchants and artisans
“Little People” made up the bulk of the population and included
everyone else
Why Italy?
Italy had many cities – cities were places where
ideas and technology are exchanged
 Italy had a strong merchant and banking class
with a lot of power and money who were
“patrons of the arts”. This class supported the
idea of Humanism (individual achievement v.
nobility)
 Artists and scholars were inspired by what was
around them (remnants of the past)
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Major Places
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Florence – wealthiest city
– Textiles and printing
– The ‘florin” became the standard for coins
– Wealthy banking industry
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Venice and Genoa
– Also banking cities
– Shipbuilding and insurance
– Trade link to Constantinople and Asian land routes
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Rome – home of the Vatican and Papacy
– Money brought in from tithes (vocab check!)
– Tourism to the holy city boost the economy
Major Players
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Architecture
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– Brunelleschi
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Sculpture and Art
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Michelangelo
Donatello
Leonardo da Vinci
Raphael
Gentileschi
Literature
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Petrarch
Boccaccio
Machiavelli
Castiglione
Mirandola
Pisan
Patrons
– Medici
– Church
– D’Este
Role of the Artist
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Middle Ages
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Renaissance
Content Check #3
Define vernacular. How does it represent the
Humanism movement? Give examples including
books/writings.
 What is the political setup of the Italian CityState and why were they city-states not one
country?
 Why does Italy become THE center of the
Renaissance? Why does it begin in Italy?
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Northern Renaissance
England, France, Germany and
Flanders (part of France and the
Netherlands)
Content Check #4
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Identify the characteristics of Northern Renaissance.
(include what makes them different from Italy)
What is the North’s relationship with God? Explain
Who are the major Northern Renaissance people?
Compare the Italian vs Northern Writers. Use the
handouts given and assigned questions to complete
this task.
To what extent and in what ways did women
participate in the Renaissance? Give specific
examples to support your analysis
Why Northern Europe?
Cities and population grew rapidly after the
plague and war years
 It started in Flanders, where the economy was
strong due to the wool industry and long
distance trade
 In England and France, growing monarchies
were patrons of the arts – in Northern Europe, it
will be your merchant classes with A LOT of
money
 In 1494, War with France began and many
Italian artists and writers fled to safer parts of
Europe
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What Makes It Special?
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Literature - Christian Humanists sought to combine Humanism with
a deep Christian faith. They urged devotion to God, however they
also encouraged Church reform and social justice
Oil Painting was developed, although there are few sculptures
Artistic themes peasant life, as well as life-like portraits. Although
religious faith was stronger in the North, religion was not a common
theme
Playwrights such as William Shakespeare will write with a deep
understanding of human nature and express themes people can still
relate to today
The church was not a major patron of the arts, although many
monarchs will be
Major Players
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Patrons
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– Fuggers
– Elizabeth I
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Artists
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Durer
Holbein
Van Eyck
Brueghel
Vermeer
Rembrandt
Writers
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Erasmus
More
Rabelais
Cervantes
Shakespeare
Inventors
– Gutenberg
Brueghel
How does this depict the ideals of Renaissance?
Arnolfini
Wedding
by Van
Eyck
Pg. ??
In
notebook
Holbein the Younger
The
Ambassador
*Recognize
the King?
Compare
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Italian Renaissance
Da Vinci, Mona Lisa, c. 1503
Oil (30 in × 21 in)
Northern Renaissance
 Vermeer, Girl with a Pearl Earring,
c. 1665
 Oil (18.31 × 15.75 in)
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Quentin Massys; Where?
Compare
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Italian Renaissance
Writers:
– Machiavelli, The Prince
– Castiglione, The
Courtiers
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Northern Renaissance
Writers:
– Erasmus, In Praise of
Folly
– More, Utopia
Renaissance Legacy
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The Renaissance marked a break from medieval
ideals which focused on the church, to more
secular attitudes
Dignity of the individual prompted democratic
ideals
Greco-Roman classical styles were reborn
The printing press, vernacular literature and
humanism promoted learning
Humanism focused on individual achievement
Christian Humanists fostered reform in religion,
politics and the church
Task Analysis & Thesis Statements
 Analyze the influence of Humanism on the
visual arts and literature of the Italian
Renaissance. Use at least three specific
works to support your analysis
 To what extent and in what ways did
women participate in the Renaissance?
Give specific examples to support your
analysis
 Compare the Northern and Italian
Renaissance with regard to art and
literature
Additional LEQs
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Identify and Explain how ideas of the
Renaissance were used to promote
personal, political, and religious goals.
– (hint: Unit 4 will show how leaders used these
ideas to expand taxes, expand military, and
determine the religious preferences of the
country)