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Unit 4: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Section 1: Energy in a Cell Where do living organisms obtain their energy? • _____________are able to make their own Autotrophs food trees, grass, plants – Example:________________________ • ________________obtain energy from the Heterotrophs food that they consume – Example: _______________________ lions, humans, animals Section 1: Energy in a Cell Energy • _______ comes in many forms including light electricity heat _______, ____________, and _________ Energy – _________ can be stored within chemical compounds ______________ • the primary chemical compound used in living organisms to store energy is Adenosine Triphosphate ATP __________ ___________ or _______ Section 1: Energy in a Cell • ATP consists of _________, 5- Carbon Sugar Adenosine a _____________ called _______, _________ Ribose and _____ 3 Phosphate groups Adenosine Ribose Phosphate P P P broken • ______ Energy is released when the bond is ________ on the ___________ phosphate groups Section 1: Energy in a Cell • Once the phosphate group is broken the molecules is convert into ___________________ P Adenosine Diphosphate or _____+___ ADP Adenosine Ribose Phosphate P P P Section 1: Energy in a Cell • ATP is helpful with ___________ transfering energy, but it is not good for storing large amounts of energy _________ over a long period of time – For energy _______ storage cells use _______, glucose which is a ___6 ____________ carbon sugar • A single molecules of _______stores up to glucose ___ 90 times more energy than ATP • Cells can generate _______ from _______ ATP glucose as needed to transfer __________ energy Section 2: Photosynthesis • Photosynthesis: Abbreviated: PSN ______________________________________ Converts the energy of sunlight into chemical ________________________________________ energy stored in the bonds of glucose and oxygen __ • Formula= Light Energy 6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2 Section 2: Photosynthesis • Where does PSN take place? In plant cells – _______________________ autotrophs • Categorized as ______________ • Location within plantsleaves – _____________ Stoma (stomata) • ____________________ • ____________________ Mesophyll cells Section 2: Photosynthesis How do plants gather the sun’s energy? • through light absorbing molecules called Pigments ______________ Chlorophyll – plant’s principal pigment= ________________ • there are two main types of chlorophyll Chlorophyll a – _____________________ Chlorophyll b – _____________________ – When chlorophyll absorbs light most of the energy is transferred to __________ electrons _______ • it is these high energy ____________ that electrons make _____ PSN work – Chlorophyll is located in the ___________ Chloroplast Section 2: Photosynthesis Chloroplasts where PSN takes place • ____________: – Consist of a • ___________________________________ Double outer membrane stroma • ______________________ thylakoids • ______________________ grana • ______________________(singular granum) Section 2: Photosynthesis PSN • The light energy within the formula for _____ enters through the light absorbing ________ pigments called the __________ chlorophyll H2O • But where does the ____ CO2 and the ________ enter into the equation? CO2 enters the leaf through ____________ Stoma – _____ – ________ enters into the plant through the H2O ________ Stoma roots or ________ Section 2: Photosynthesis • Stoma (stomata) pores within a plant’s ___________ cuticle – _________ cuticle • _____________ is the thick waxy outer covering on a ___________ leaf gases water are exchanged • ____________ and __________ plant between the _________ and the ______________ atmosphere Section 2: Photosynthesis • Inside the leaf are a few layers of Mesophyll cells ______________ – These contain most of the plants ________________ Chloroplasts Section 2: Photosynthesis • Breakdown of photosynthesis – ____ 2 main parts (reactions) Light Reaction 1. _______________________ or Light Dependent Reaction __________________________________________ Produces energy from solar power – __________________________________________ ATP • In the form of ________ Chloroplasts –Location: _____________________ solar energy electrons which •_________________ excites the ____________, require a special carrier called __________ NADPH to carry the electrons to part 2 of PSN Section 2: Photosynthesis Calvin Cycle 2. __________________ or _________________________________ Light independent Reaction • Location: _____________ Chloroplasts • Uses Energy from light reaction to make sugar (glucose) ____________________________________ electrons carried over from _______ NADPH to aid • _________ glucose molecules in building of __________ NADPH delivers the electrons then – Once ________ NADP+ is sent back to part 1 or _______ ___________________ Light dependent reaction to continue the cycle Light Reaction light Chloroplast Dark Reaction CO2 H2 O ATP NADPH Electron Transport chain ADP+P NADP+ O2 Calvin Cycle H Glucose Section 3: Cellular Respiration • Cellular Respiration: process in which chemical bonds of energy-rich ________________________________________ molecules such as glucose are converted into usable ________________________________________ energy • Formula= C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy Section 3:Cellular Respiration • Where do plants obtain glucose from? PSN Dark Reaction • Where do animals obtain glucose from? Food Metabolism – Through the process of ___________________ – Metabolism= _________________________________ process where food is converted ____________________________________________ into energy and products needed for life Section 3: Cellular Respiration mitochondria • Location: _____________________ Where most of the cells ATP is made – _______________________________________ It does not make ATP directly from food – But _____________________________________, instead it makes ____________________________________________ ATP through many chemical reactions Mitochondria Inner Membrane Outer Membrane Cristae Matrix Section 3: Cellular Respiration • Before cellular respiration can happen, Food has to be broken down into smaller molecules ________________________________________ Glycolysis – Process= _________ anaerobic process, meaning it • This is an __________ does not require _________ oxygen Pyruvate 2 ________ Glucose down into ___ • Breaks _________ –These are 3-Carbon Molecules _______________________________________ Section 3:Cellular Respiration • Overview: Glucose Glycolysis Pyruvate Pyruvate ***Then, cell respiration may begin Glycolysis 2ATP 2ADP + P C C C C C C C C C 4ADP + P C C C 4ATP C C C C C C C C C C C C 2NAD+ 2NADH Section 3: Cellular Respiration Krebs Cycle • Phase 1: ___________________ 1 Pyruvate – Begins with ________________ – Waste Product ___________ CO2 • Phase 2: ___________________ Electron Transport chain – Similar to ________ PSN Light photons – Difference is no __________________ • So __________________________________________________ Instead electrons are carried by NADH and FADH2 Inner Membrane Matrix 2 1 38 PSN Chloroplasts Cellular Respiration Animals Plants Mitochondria ETC ETC= 2nd ATP Light reaction ETC= 1st ATP Synthase sunlight Thylakoid membrane H2O= reactant Creates NADPH Inner membrane NADH and FADH H2O= product PSN Calvin Cycle= 2nd Stroma NADPH→NADP+H ATP →ADP+P CO2= reactant CO2 enters through stomata Glucose= product Cellular Respiration Glycolysis Krebs 6 times Cycle= 1st Matrix 2 pyruvate CO2= product NAD+H→NADH FAD+H2→FADH2 ADP+P→ATP Glucose is a reactant