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Review • Cell is internally organized with all the organelles that perform certain functions for the cell to survive • Organisms also have levels of organization • Cells – tissues – organs – organ systems • Each one of them with different functions for the body to survive The different Body Systems • • • • • • • • Circulatory System ** Digestive System Respiratory System Excretory System Muscular and Skeletal System Nervous System Endocrine System Reproductive System Chapter 13 Circulatory System and Immunity Section 1: Blood – composition and function Section 2: Circulation – importance and organs involved Section 3: Immunity – blood cells defend your body against diseases • Production of Blood cells: Blood cells are produced in the bone marrow, a jellylike substance inside the bones that is composed of, among other things, fat, blood, and special cells that turn into the various kinds of blood cells. • Production of Blood cells: • In children, the marrow of most of the bones produces blood. • In adults, only the marrow of certain bones -- the spine, ribs, pelvis, and some others -continues to make blood. • Bone marrow that actively produces blood cells is called red marrow, and bone marrow that no longer produces blood cells is called yellow marrow. Blood Types • Blood is classified according to substances present in each type of blood called antigens. • Blood can be classified in types A, B, AB, O and Rh+ or Rh-. ( inherited traits) • Ex: antigen A is present in blood type A **Antigens – Are proteins that when introduced into the body stimulates the production of an antibody ( it is what we call a response from the immune system). Antibodies are also proteins **Antigens include toxins, bacteria, foreign blood cells, and the cells of transplanted organs. **Usually antibodies are specific to the antigen • Functions of the blood • Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide • Carry waste products to the kidneys to be removed • Carry nutrients to the cells • Fight infections • Heal wounds 1 Parts of Blood Red blood cells – oxygen and carbon dioxide transportation White blood cells – defense and immunity Platelets – blood clotting Platelets attach to the blood vessel wall e Platelets release fibrin and start sealing the blood vessel Fibrin and Red Blood Cells seal the blood vessel wall Blood 1 Blood Clotting • fibrin is a substance that forms a net that traps escaping blood cells and plasma and forms a clot. • After the clot becomes hard, skin cells will multiply and begin the repair process under the scab Blood 1 Blood Types and Clotting • During a blood transfusion, a person receives donated blood or parts of blood. • If the wrong type is given, the red blood cells will clump together. • Then, clots form in the blood vessels and the person could die. Antigens All All Blood 1 The Rh Factor (Rhesus factor) • Rh factor is a protein present in red blood cells. • If a person has this protein, this person has Rh+ blood, with Rh+ antigens. Blood 1 The Rh Factor (Rhesus factor) • Rh+ can only donate blood to Rh+ • Rh- can donate to Rh- and Rh+ - it has no antigens Blood 1 The Rh Factor and Pregnancy • Mother and the baby exchange liquids trough the placenta during pregnancy, so also a small amount of blood can mix. Blood 1 The Rh Factor and Pregnancy • Mother Rh- and baby Rh+ : the baby can pass antigens Rh+ to the mother the mother will produce antibodies that will harm the baby. Ex: Anemia, brain damage, death Blood 1 The Rh Factor and Pregnancy • to avoid this serious reaction, the mother receives a shot that stops the production of antibodies. 1 • Right after the delivery of a baby that is Rh+ and mother Rh-: • Mothers might need the same shot to avoid producing antibodies if the baby’s blood comes in contact with the mother’s blood during the delivery. • Why?? 1 • In the case of a second pregnancy: • if the baby is Rh+ and the mother is Rh- and developed antibodies during the first pregnancy, the mother can pass these antibodies the baby. • The baby might need a blood transfusion to avoid being hurt. Mother Rh+ and baby Rhnothing happens 1) Rh- fetus has no Rh antigens to induce antibody creation Rh+ mother. 2) The fetal immune system is not yet developed enough to create antibodies to the mother's Rh+ antigens, so no problem is created. Antigens in our blood antigens and antibodies are specific • • • • • Type A has antigens A Type B has antigens B Type AB has antigens A and B Type O has no antigens Type Rh+ has antigens Rh Antibodies in the blood • Usually, antibodies are formed when the body comes in contact with an antigen. • For blood is different. • Our blood has “Naturally Occurring Antibodies” for antigens A and B Antibodies in the blood • “Naturally Occurring Antibodies”: are absent at birth and start to appear around 3-6 months as result of stimulus by bacterial carbohydrates. Anti – Rh are not naturally occurring. Antibodies in the blood • • • • Type A has antibodies Anti-B Type B has antibodies Anti-A Type AB has none Type O has antibodies Anti-A and Anti-B Person with Rh- blood will only have anti Rh if at a certain point this person comes in contact with the Antigen. 1 Diseases of Blood • Anemia • Sickle cell disease • Leukemia • Hemophilia 1 Diseases of Blood • Anemia – common – when the red blood cells can’t carry enough oxygen to the body • Reasons – lack of iron, lack of vitamins, problems in the structure of the red blood cells. • Hemoglobin has iron in it and the oxygen binds to the iron to the transported to the cells Sickle Cell Disease • Inherited • Very common in African Americans • Red blood cells have abnormal shape, become hard and sticky • Clog small vessels compromising oxygen distribution and waste removal Sickle Cell Disease Consequences • • • • Anemia Constant infections Pain where the vessel is clogged Stroke • Treatment – bone marrow transplant Leukemia • There are different types of white blood cells • In Leukemia - one of them is produced by the body in higher quantities than necessary • They are immature cells that can protect the body against antigens Leukemia • clog the bone marrow • Inhibiting the production of the blood cells that will carry oxygen, carbon dioxide or protect the body Leukemia - Treatment • • • • Medicines Blood transfusion Bone marrow transplants If the treatment is not efficient – the person can die due to complications related to the leukemia Hemophilia - treatment 1)Hemophilia – plasma lacks one of the factors that initiate blood clotting 2)No cure, but there is a very effective treatment Hemophilia - treatment 3) Factor Replacement Therapy – inject the missing factor periodically. Frequency of the treatment depends on the case. 4) Children – is performed as a prophylaxis treatment – preventive • Homework on top of the desks • Test corrections on top of the desk • One blank piece of paper per group ABO/Rh Simulated Blood Typing Objective: Determine blood type of 4 different persons - One side of the class will do W and Y “persons” - The other side will do X and Z “persons” Materials: • • • • Blood typing slide wells – 2 Anti-A sera (with antibodies against antigens A) Anti-sera B ( with antibodies against B) Anti-Rh sera ( with antibodies against Rh antigens) • 4 different samples of “blood” • Toothpicks • DO NOT SHAKE THE BOTTLES!!!!! ABO/Rh Simulated Blood Typing How is it done? Antibodies can be isolated from the blood To test blood type, usually antibodies are put in contact with the blood being tested. If the antibody finds the specific antigen – clumping will occur and we will be able to determine the blood type. Possible results for the table : + or • Anti-sera A has antibodies against antigens A • If you mix anti-sera A with blood A…… • Is it going to clump????? • If it clumps : write + on your table • If it does not clump: write - Possible results • Look at your worksheet: • On the table – write + or – as a result. • If the results is + , it clumps and liquid looks thick and white • If the result is - , it will not clump Procedure 1) Put the two slides on top of a piece of paper. 2) Write on the paper, on top of the slide the letter W, X, Y or Z, depending of the blood you are testing Procedure – wait 4 minutes for the final result 1) Place THREE drops of the “blood” on each well, in each slide – give the blood to the group behind you 2) Place THREE drops of anti-sera A on the well A – for both slides - give to the group behind you 3) Place THREE drops of anti-sera B on the well B – for both slides - give to the group behind you 4) Repeat for Anti-Rh • Write your results on the board – so the others can copy • Complete your table • Complete your report and turn it in • Open your book on page 370 – complete the section review • Lab Homework Workbook page 47 Section Review book page 370 Section Check Section 3 Immunity ***Immunology: The branch of science that studies of all aspects of the immune system Immune System ( not in the book) **Complex group of defenses that protects the human body from any external agent ( antigens) that can cause diseases. **Antigens - A substance that when introduced into the body stimulates the production of an antibody **Antigens include toxins, bacteria, foreign blood cells, and the cells of transplanted organs. Antigens that cause diseases = pathogens Immunity 3 There are different lines of defense in our body: • First-line defense and second-line defense • First – line is more generic and will work against any pathogen • If the pathogen passes the first line • Second-line will act against it • Second –line of defense is more specific to the pathogen • The second line of defense is your Immune System, that will produce antibodies specific to the antigen Immunity 3 1) How can your skin protect you from antigens? 2) How can your respiratory system protect you from antigens? 3) How can your digestive system protect you from antigens? 3 How can your skin protect you from antigens? • Perspiration from the skin contains acidic substances that can slow the growth of some pathogens. • Secretion from oil glands – acidic • The skin itself is a barrier 3 How can your resp. system can protect you from antigens? • traps pathogens with: • hair like structures, called cilia inside your nose • And with mucus. • Mucus contains an enzyme that weakens the cell walls of some pathogens. 3 How can your digestive system protect you from antigens? • Hydrochloric acid solution in the stomach can kill bacteria • Saliva has some substances that kill bacteria • Enzymes can destroy pathogens • Mucus can coat bacteria and avoid them to harming any digestive organs 3 Circulatory System • Your circulatory system fight antigens in two different ways: 1) Some white blood surround and digest antigens (chemicals - non specific) 2) Other types of white cells will synthetize the antibodies ( specific) Ex: Lymphocytes ( B-cells) (in blood and lymph) 3 Types of white cells Monocyte – image from a electron transmission microscope Neutrophils White cell engulfing an antigen • What is the difference between active and passive immunity? • Observing different blood cells in the microscope • workbook page 49 3 Immunity: 2 types • Active immunity your body makes its own antibodies in response to an antigen. 3 Vaccination – Type of Active Immunity • A vaccine is when the inactive antigen is injected in your body to prevent you from getting a disease. • Your body will produce antibodies against that antigen, and you will have active immunity against that disease. Immunity 3 Passive Immunity •Passive immunity is when antibodies that have been produced in another animal or synthetized in labs are introduced into your body. •Example: Immunity 3 • Antibodies received from the mother to the baby during the pregnancy. • They will protect you for a short period of time . • It is important to be vaccinated • Observing different blood cells in the microscope • workbook page 49 • Section 4 • Diseases Diseases 4 Disease in History • Throughout time, the plague, smallpox, and influenza have killed millions of people worldwide. • Even today, some diseases cannot be cured, and outbreaks of new diseases, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), occur. Diseases 4 Discovering Disease Organisms • With the invention of the microscope in the latter part of the seventeenth century, bacteria, yeast, and mold spores were seen for the first time. • The French chemist Louis Pasteur learned that microorganisms cause disease in humans. Diseases 4 Discovering Disease Organisms • Pasteur discovered that microorganisms could spoil wine and milk. • He then realized that microorganisms could attack the human body in the same way. Diseases 4 Discovering Disease Organisms • Pasteur invented pasteurization (pas chuh ruh ZAY shun), which is the process of heating a liquid to a temperature that kills most bacteria. Diseases 4 Disease Organisms • Bacteria and viruses cause many common diseases. Diseases 4 Pathogens • Bacteria can slow down the normal growth and metabolic activities of body cells and tissues. • Some bacteria even produce toxins that kill cells on contact. Diseases 4 Pathogens • A virus infects and multiplies in host cells. • The host cells die when the viruses break out of them. Diseases 4 Pathogens • Pathogenic protests, such as the organisms that cause malaria, can destroy tissues and blood cells or interfere with normal body functions. • Fungus infections can cause athlete’s foot, nonhealing wounds, chronic lung disease, or inflammation of the membranes of the brain. Diseases 4 Infectious Diseases • A disease that is caused by a virus, bacterium, protist, or fungus and is spread from an infected organism or the environment to another organism is called an infectious disease. • Infectious diseases are spread by direct contact with the infected organism, through water and air, on food, by contact with contaminated objects, and by diseasecarrying organisms called biological vectors. Diseases 4 Human Vectors • Colds and many other diseases are spread through contact. • Each time you turn a doorknob or use a telephone, your skin comes in contact with bacteria and viruses, which is why washing your hands frequently should be part of your daily routine. Diseases 4 Sexually Transmitted Diseases • Infectious diseases that are passed from person to person during sexual contact are called sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). • Gonorrhea (gah nuh REE uh), chlamydia (kluh MIH dee uh), and syphilis (SIH fuh lus) are STDs caused by bacteria. Diseases 4 Sexually Transmitted Diseases • If they are untreated, gonorrhea and chlamydia can leave a person sterile because the reproductive organs can be damaged permanently. • Untreated syphilis may infect cardiovascular and nervous systems, resulting in damage to body organs that cannot be reversed. Diseases 4 Sexually Transmitted Diseases • Genital herpes, a lifelong viral disease, causes painful blisters on the sex organs. • Herpes has no cure, and no vaccine can prevent it. However, the symptoms of herpes can be treated with antiviral medicines. Diseases 4 HIV and Your Immune System • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can exist in blood and body fluids. • You can become infected with HIV by having sex with an HIV-infected person or by reusing an HIV-contaminated hypodermic needle for an injection. Diseases 4 HIV and Your Immune System • A pregnant woman with HIV can infect her child when the virus passes through the placenta. • The child also may become infected from contacts with blood during the birth process or when nursing after birth. Diseases 4 HIV and Your Immune System • The virus cannot be transmitted by touching an infected person, by handling objects used by the person unless they are contaminated with body fluids, or from contact with a toilet seat. Diseases 4 AIDS • An HIV infection can lead to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), which is a disease that attacks the body’s immune system. • HIV attacks the helper T cells in the immune system. Diseases 4 AIDS • When the infected cell bursts open, it releases more HIV. • Soon, so many T cells are destroyed that not enough B cells are stimulated to produce antibodies. • The body no longer has an effective way to fight invading antigens. Diseases 4 Fighting Disease • Washing a small wound with soap and water is the first step in preventing an infection. • Cleaning the wound with an antiseptic and covering it with a bandage are other steps. Diseases 4 Fighting Disease • In your mouth, microorganisms are responsible for mouth odor and tooth decay. • Using dental floss and routine tooth brushing keep these organisms under control. Diseases 4 Healthy Choices • Good health habits, including getting enough rest and eating well-balanced meals, can make you less susceptible to the actions of disease organisms such as those that cause colds and flu. • Keeping up with recommended immunizations and having annual health checkups also can help you stay healthy. Diseases 4 Chronic Disease • Diseases and disorders such as diabetes, allergies, asthma, cancer, and heart disease are noninfectious diseases. • Many are chronic (KRAH nihk). This means that they can last for a long time. Diseases 4 Chronic Disease • Some infectious diseases can be chronic too. • Deer ticks carry a bacterium that causes Lyme disease. • This bacterium can affect the nervous system, heart, and joints for weeks to years. It can become chronic if not treated. Diseases 4 Allergies • An allergy is an overly strong reaction of the immune system to a foreign substance. • Most allergic reactions are minor. Diseases 4 Allergies • Substances that cause an allergic response are called allergens. • Some chemicals, certain foods, pollen, molds, some antibiotics, and dust are allergens for some people. Diseases 4 Allergies • When you come in contact with an allergen, your immune system usually forms antibodies. • Your body reacts by releasing chemicals called histamines (HIHS tuh meenz) that promote red, swollen, tissues. Diseases 4 Diabetes • A chronic disease associated with the levels of insulin produced by the pancreas is diabetes. • Type 1 diabetes is the result of too little or no insulin production. • In Type 2 diabetes, your body cannot properly process insulin. • Symptoms of diabetes include fatigue, excessive thirst, frequent urination, and tingling sensations in the hands and feet. Diseases 4 Cancer • Cancer is the name given to a group of closely related diseases that result from uncontrolled cell growth. • Characteristics of cancer cells are shown in this table. Diseases 4 Causes • Although not all the causes of cancer are known, many causes have been identified. • Smoking has been linked to lung cancer— the leading cause of cancer deaths for males in the Unites States. • Exposure to X rays, nuclear radiation, and ultraviolet radiation of the Sun also increases your risk of cancer. Diseases 4 Prevention • Knowing some causes of cancer might help you prevent it. • The first step is to know the early warning signs. Diseases 4 Prevention • Medical attention and treatments such as chemotherapy or surgery in the early stages of some cancers can cure or keep them inactive. Diseases 4 Prevention • Choosing not to use tobacco and alcohol products can help prevent mouth and lung cancers and the other associated respiratory and circulatory system diseases. • Selecting a healthy diet without many foods that are high in fats, salt, and sugar also might reduce your changes of developing cancer. Section Check 4 Question 1 When you have a cold, what type of disease pathogen has caused you to be sick? A. bacterium B. protist C. fungus D. virus Section Check 4 Answer The correct answer is D. Viruses also cause influenza, AIDS, measles, mumps, and many other common diseases. Section Check 4 Question 2 What is a biological vector? Answer Biological vectors are disease carrying organisms. For example, mosquitoes in some parts of the world carry the disease malaria. Section Check 4 Question 3 Which of these is one way a person could become infected with HIV? A. by reusing an HIV contaminated hypodermic needle B. by shaking hands with an infected person C. from a book touched by an infected person D. from a toilet seat Section Check 4 Answer The correct answer is A. HIV also can be transmitted from person to person during sex if one of them is infected with the virus. 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