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Download Reproduction of Seedless Plants: (p.100-101)
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How Do Plants Reproduce? Chapter 3 Lesson 2 Reproduction of Seedless Plants: (p.100-101) • Nonvascular (mosses) and vascular (ferns) reproduce in the same way. – 1) Gametophyte generation – Plants form gametes which are male and female cells. This forms a new plant. • When male and female gametes join together, they form a zygote. • This process is known as fertilization. • A fertilized egg grows into a sporophyte. – 2) Sporophyte generation – The plants form spores, a single cell that can be carried to a new location by wind or water and grow into a new plant. Reproduction of Seedless Plants: (p.100101) - Continued • Seedless plants need a moist environment with lots of water to reproduce. • Green moss plants are gametophytes. • Moss sporophytes are the tall, thin stalks that grow from the gametophytes. – The spores are produced in capsules on the sporophytes, and when they’re ready, they pop open and the wind or water carries the spores elsewhere so a new plant can begin to grow. • With ferns, the same process happens. Repoduction of Plants with Seeds: (p.102-103) • Seeds enable plants to grow in many environments. They don’t need a moist environment with lots of water for fertilization to happen. • Seeds of pines are considered to be “naked” because they are only protected by a seed coat. – A plant that produces naked seeds is a gymnosperm. • When the pollen (male part of the plant) joins with the ovules (female part of the plant) fertilization happens. – A new life cycle begins as the zygote develops into seeds. – When the seeds are ready, the cones separate, and the seeds (which have wings) travel on the wind. – When a seed lands in a suitable habitat, a tree begins to grow. Reproduction of Plants with Seeds: (p.102103) - Continued • Gymnosperm: A plant that produces naked seeds. Reproduction of Plants with Seeds: (p.102-103) Continued • Seeds inside fruit are protected (think of an apple). They are called angiosperms. – They have flowers, instead of cones. – The flowers produce seeds inside the fruit. Flowers to Seeds: (p.104-105) • The petals of a flower are like advertisements for the flowers. – Colors: Lure animals to the flowers, making it more likely that the animals (like bees for example) will transfer their pollen. – Scents: Also help to attract animals as well. • Bees love the sugary nectar found in flowers. When they crawl in to get the nectar, the pollen sticks to the bee’s hair legs. – The pollen comes from the male part of the plant called the anther. • When a bee travels to another plant, some of the pollen that was stuck on the legs of the bee clings to the stigma. – The female part of the plant is called the stigma. • Once fertilization has happened (the pollen from the anther sticking to the stigma) an embryo begins to develop. – The embryo has a root and one or two leaves. Flowers to Seeds: (p.104-105) - Continued Seed Germination: (p.106) • Seeds can germinate, or sprout, when conditions are right for growth. • A thick hard seed coat protects the embryo until the seed is ready to germinate. • Some seeds germinate when there are enough hours of light. • Others germinate when the soil is warm enough. • A seed absorbs water, which breaks the seed coat. The embryo begins to grow. – The root emerges from the seed, anchoring the plant and absorbing water. – A shoot pushes up. – There are no leaves for the plant to make food. They get their food from cotyledons until the plant can make its own food. – When the plant develops leaves to make food, the plant begins to grow much faster. Seed Germination: (p.106) - Continued