Download Modules for Basic Life Support

MODULE 1
INTRODUCTION TO BLS-CPR
I. LIFE SUPPORT – the goal of cardiopulmonary resuscitation; a series of emergency life
saving procedures that are carried out to prolong life during life threatening emergencies.
STAGES OF LIFE SUPPORT
1. Basic life support (BLS) – an emergency procedure that consists recognizing
respiratory or cardiac arrest or both and the proper application of CPR to maintain
life until a victim recovers or advanced life support is available.
a. ABC steps – Airway opened
Breathing restored
Circulation restored
b. Use of supplementary techniques
2. Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) – the use of special equipment to
maintain breathing/circulation for the victim of cardiac emergency.
a. Definitive therapy – diagnosis, drugs and defibrillation
b. Cardiac monitoring stabilization
c. Transportation
d. Communication
3. Prolonged Life Support (PLS)- for post and long term resuscitation
II. CHAIN OF SURVIVAL
1. Early Access
2. Early CPR
3. Defibrillation
4. Early ACLS
III. CARDIOVASCULAR DESEASES
A. RISK FACTORS
1. Risk factors that you cannot change
 Heredity
 Sex
 Age
2. Risk factors that you can change
 Cigarette smoking
 Hypertension
 Elevated cholesterol
 Diabetes
 Obesity
 Lack of exercise
 Stress
B. HEART ATTACK /MYOCARDIAL INFARCTON- oxygen supply to the heart muscle
is cut off for a prolong period of time.
 Warning Signals:
- Chest discomfort characterized by: uncomfortable pressure, squeezing, fullness
or tightness, aching, crushing, constricting, oppressive or heavy
- Sweating
- Nausea
- Shortness of breath
 First Aid Management:
1. Recognize the signals of heart attack and take action.
2. Have patient stop what he is doing and have him sit or lie down in a comfortable
position. Do not let the patient move around.
3. Call for help.
4. If patient is under medical care, assist him in taking his prescribed medicines.
MODULE 2
RESPIRATORY EMEGENCY
AND ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
I.
RESPIRATORY ARREST - breathing stops or inadequate; pulse/circulation
continue for quite some time.
 Causes
1. Obstruction
 Anatomical Obstruction
 Mechanical Obstruction
2. Disease
 Bronchitis
 Pneumonia
 CPD and other respiratory illness
3. Other Causes
 Electrocution
 Circulatory collapse
 External strangulation
 Chest compression
 Drowning
 Poisoning
 Suffocation
II.
ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION (RESCUE BREATHING) – a procedure of causing
air flow into and out of the lungs when his natural breathing ceased or is inadequate.
 objectives of Artificial Respiration
1. to open the airway
2. to ventilate the lungs
 ways to ventilate the lungs
1. mouth-to-mouth breathing
2. mouth-to-nose breathing
3. mouth-to-mouth and nose breathing
4. mouth-to-stoma breathing
5. mouth-to-face shield breathing
6. mouth-to-mask breathing
7. bag mask device
Table 2-1: Comparative Chart Breathing for Adult, Child, and Infant
ADULT
CHILD
INFANT
Opening of airway Maximum tilt of the Neutral
plus Neutral Position
(Head Tilt-Chin Lift Head
position
Maneuver)
Location
for Carotid Pulse
Carotid Pulse
Brachial pulse
checking of pulse
Method
Mouth-to-mouth or Mouth-to-mouth or Mouth-to-mouth
Mouth-to-nose
Mouth-to-nose
and nose
Breath
Full, slow breath (1.5 Full,
slow Gently,
slow
to 2 seconds per regulated
breath regulated
breath
breath)
(1.5 seconds per (1.5 seconds per
breath)
breath
AR
1:5 (24 cycles)
1:3 (40 cycles)
1.:3 (40 cycles)
ventilations/seconds
(following
twominute frame)
AR counting
(blow)
(blow)
(blow)
1,1002,1003,1002
1,1001 (blow)…
1,1001 (blow)…
(blow)…
1,1002 (blow)…
1,1002 (blow)…
Up to 24 cycles
Up to 40 cycles
Up to 40 cycles
MODULE 3
FOREIGN BODY AIRWAY
OBSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
A. CAUSES OF OBSTRUCTION
1. Improper chewing of large pieces of food
2. Excessive intake of alcohol
3. The presence of loose upper and lower dentures
4. For children- running while eating
5. For smaller children of “ hand-to-mouth “stage left unattended
B. TWO TYPES OF OBTRUCTION
1. Anatomical Obstruction
2. Mechanical Obstruction
C. CLASSIFICATION OF OBTRUCTION
1. Mild Obstruction
2. Severe Obstruction
Give 5 back blows
Airway clear – monitor
until help arrives
Until help arrives
Still choking
If obviously pregnant or known To
be pregnant; give 5 chest thrusts
Give 5 abdominal
thrusts
Still choking
Airway clear – monitor
until help arrives
If victim/patient becomes unconscious, provide
intervention for unconscious choking victim
MODULE 4
CARDIAC EMERGENCY AND
CARDEIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
I.
CARDIAC ARREST - circulation stops, pulse and breathing stops at the same
time or soon thereafter.
Three conditions of cardiac arrest:
1. Cardiovascular collapse – the heart is still beating but its action is so weak than
blood is not being circulated through the vascular system to the brain body tissues
results from hemorrhage or various drugs.
2. Ventricular Fibrillation – individual fascicles of the heart beat independently rather
than the coordinated, synchronized manner that produce rhythmic heart beat.
3. Cardiac Standstill – the heart has stopped beating. The condition may be terminal
is usually due to lack of oxygen (anoxia) of the heart muscle.
III.
CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR) – an emergency procedure
used for a person who is not breathing and whose heart has stopped breathing (cardiac
arrest)
A. CRITERIA FOR NOT STARTING CPR
All patients in cardiac arrest receive resuscitation unless:
 The patient has a valid “ Do Not Attempt resuscitation” (DNAR)order
 The patient has signs of irreversible death: rigor mortis, decapitation, or
dependent lividity.

No physiological benefit can be expected because the vital function have
deteriorated despite maximal therapy for such conditions as progressive
septic or radiogenic shock.
 Withholding attempts to resuscitate in the delivery room is appropriate for
newly born infants with:
- Confirm gestation < 23 weeks or birth weight < 400g
- Anencephaly
- Confirm trisomy 13 or 18
B. WHEN TO STOP CPR
Spontaneous breathing and pulse has restored
Turned over to professional help
Operation/ Rescuer is too exhausted to continue
Physician assumes responsibility
Table 2-1: Comparative Chart Breathing for Adult, Child, and Infant
ADULT
Opening of airway Maximum tilt of the
(Head
Tilt-Chin Head
Lift Maneuver)
Location
of Center of the chest
compression
Manner
of
compression
Depth of EEC
CPR ratio of EEC
to
ventilation
(following
twominute frame)
CPR counting
CHILD
Neutral
position
INFANT
plus Neutral Position
Center of the chest
Heel of the hand Heel of the hand
other hand on top
1.5 to 2 inches
1 to 1.5 inches
30.2 (5 cycles)
30.2 (5cycles)
1
finger
width
below the nipple
line
2 fingers (middle
and ring/fingertips
0.5 to 1 inch
30.2 (5cycles)
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, and 1( 2 ventilations)
Up to 5 cycles