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APS Science Curriculum Unit Planner Grade Level/Subject Grade 8 Physical Science Unit 9 Stage 1: Desired Results Enduring Understanding • Forces are interactions between masses that can change motion. • Gravity is an important example of a force we encounter daily • Work is an application of force that can be made easier with machines. Correlations Unifying Understanding VA SOL PS 10 b,c,d NSES (grade level) AAAS Atlas Essential Questions • Why do objects start and stop moving? • Why do some objects move faster than others? • How does gravity affect our motion in the world? • What makes some collisions of objects more destructive than others? • Why are work and energy both measured in Joules • How do machines make work easier? • Why does the ideal machine not exist? • Why do things change their motion? • What rules describe the effects of forces on the motion of objects? • What forces do particles exert? (pressure) • What rules describe the effect of gravity on the motion of objects? Knowledge and Skills Students should know: • A force is a push or a pull and is measured in Newtons • There are 4 fundamental forces in the universe. We perceive the effects of two of them daily. • Friction is a force that acts against movement. • Net force is the sum of all the forces acting on a mass. • If the net force applied to an object is equal to zero, there will be no change in motion. • The roles that Issac Newton and Galileo played in the study of motion of objects • A net force applied to a mass results in acceleration. • The direction of the net force applied to an object determines the direction of the acceleration • Gravity is a force pulling masses toward each other. • The strength of the force of gravity depends upon the masses of the objects. • The force of gravity accelerates objects in free fall and rolling downhill. • Acceleration due to gravity is not dependent on mass of the falling object. • Acceleration due to the force of gravity is about 10m/s2 • An object’s momentum is proportional to the object’s velocity and mass. • Net force changes momentum. • Work is equal to force * distance. • Work is a transfer of energy • • • Both work and energy are measured in Joules For work to be done the force must be applied in the direction of the object’s motion. • Machines are devices that make work easier • In all machines some work input is lost due to Friction (No such thing as a 100% efficient machine) • Mechanical advantage is a measure of how much easier machines make work. • Power is a measure of the rate that work is done Students should be able to: • Explain net force • Describe acceleration as a result of net force. • Explain gravity as a universal force of attraction between masses. • Explain the interplay of force and time (impulse) and momentum in car crashes. • Describe situations where work is and isn’t being done according to the scientific definition. • Describe how machines make work easier by changing the size of the force, the direction of the force or both. • Calculate acceleration using the equation a=F/m • Calculate work using the equation W=F*D Stage 2: Assessment Evidence Prior Knowledge and Skills • Pre-test on simple machines and Newton’s Laws Formative Assessment Summative Assessment Vacuum chamber • Pendulum Lab Force and Energy drawing marshmallow explanation • Quiz on Forces, Newton’s Laws and pressure • Section 2-8 C&C WKS • Quiz on Work and Machines • FOSS Gravity It’s the Law • Unit test • reading discussion • McDougall Physical Science CH 13 Reading checks Stage 3: Learning Plan References to Adopted Materials • Holt Physical Science CH 6,7,8 • Concepts and Challenges in Physical Science CH 2 Suggested Investigations • Pendulum Lab Outdoor Education Applications • Resources Web Sites • http://phet.colorado.edu/ Videos • Eureka Simple Machines United Streaming • Field Trips • Other • Physical Science Daybook-Mass Action WKS • Conceptual Physics Paul Hewitt CH 3-Linear Motion, CH 5 Newton’s 3rd Law • Conceptual Physics Paul Hewitt practice book –CH 5 • McDougall Physical Science CH 12 and 13