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Basic unit of life = Group of specialized cells = ● 4 Types - Epithelial (includes glands and tissues that cover body surfaces) - Connective (provide support) - Nervous (transmits nerve impulses) - Muscle (enables movement) Group of different types of tissues = Group of organs that perform related functions = HOW MANY ORGAN SYSTEMS are there? _______ THESE ORGAN SYSTEMS WORK TOGETHER TO MAINTAIN _________________ IN THE BODY. Homeostasis: Feedback Process by which organisms maintain a stable internal environment inhibition: Process in which a stimulus produces a response that opposes the original stimulus Nervous System Rat Brain Interesting Fact: The human brain weighs about 3.5 lbs. Main Organs / Structures Central Nervous System - Brain - Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System - Nerves Specialized Cells • Neurons - carry the nerve impulse Dendrites Cell body Nucleus Axon Interesting Fact: Number of neurons in human spinal cord = 1 billion Endocrine System When I say ENDOCRINE, you say HORMONE. Function of the System • Control by delivering messages (hormones) throughout the body • Slower and longer lasting effects than the nervous system • Maintain homeostasis Main Organs / Structures • Glands – release hormones into bloodstream [adrenal, thyroid, pancreas, pituitary, hypothalamus] Hormones – chemicals released in the bloodstream that effect a target cell cranium mandible humerus ulna radius clavicle sternum ribs Vertebral column pelvis femur patella tibia fibula Skeletal System Interesting Facts: • The smallest bones in the body are found in the ear. • The longest bone in the body is the femur. Interesting Fact: Crabs and lobsters, insects have exoskeletons (skeletons on the outside of their bodies) Function • Support • Protection of internal organs • Store minerals • Produce blood cells Main Organs / Structures Bones & Cartilage Muscular System Interesting Facts: Muscles make up nearly half the weight of the human body, this is why when we train we sometimes put on weight instead of losing it. Function Contraction & Movement - energy supplied by ATP Main Organs / Structures Muscles – skeletal (voluntary movement) - cardiac (heart) - smooth (involuntary) exp. digestive & circulatory (esophagus & stomach) (walls of blood vessels) Circulatory System Interesting Fact: The roar that we hear when we place a seashell next to our ear is not the ocean, but rather the sound of blood surging through the veins in the ear. Function • highways : city :: circulatory : human Transport of oxygen, nutrients and waste products Interesting Fact: It takes about 20 seconds for a red blood cell to circle the whole body. Main Organs / Structures Heart Blood Vessels - Veins – return blood to the heart - Arteries – carry blood from the heart to the body Specialized Cells - Red Blood Cells – transport oxygen - White Blood Cells – attack pathogens - Platelets – formation of blood clots Red Blood Cell • Contains a protein called hemoglobin to which the oxygen binds • What are the building blocks of proteins? Amino Acids Respiratory System Interesting Fact: Your left lung is smaller than your right lung to make room for your heart. Function • Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood, the tissues, and the air Reminder: Cellular Respiration • C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O • O2 in ; CO2 out Main Organs / Structures Nose, Mouth, Pharynx Larynx (voice box) Lungs Bronchi (branches) Alveoli (air sacs) Diaphragm - muscle Immune System Interesting Fact: Laughing lowers levels of stress hormones and strengthens the immune system. Function of the System Fight infection Main defense against pathogens Immunity Main Organs / Structures Bone Marrow Thymus Spleen Lymph nodes Specialized Cells T-cells [HIV virus attacks] Antibodies – proteins that identify & neutralize foreign objects Integumentary System Interesting Fact: Human hair and fingernails continue to grow after death. Function Barrier against infection & injury Regulates body temperature Prevents desiccation (drying out) Provides UV protection Main Organs / Structures • Skin – single largest organ in the body • Hair • Nails Reproductive System Interesting Fact: The female human body is capable of giving birth to 35 children in one lifetime. Function of the System Reproduction Produces, stores & releases specialized cells gametes Main Organs / Structures Testis, penis Ovaries, Uterus Specialized Cells Gametes sperm egg Digestive System Interesting Fact: The reason honey is so easy to digest is that it’s already been digested by a bee. Function • Break food down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by cells Main Organs / Structures Mouth □ chewing - mechanical digestion □ enzymes – chemical digestion Esophagus (food tube) Main Organs / Structures Stomach (high acidity-low pH) Small & Large Intestines (has villi for absorption) Liver (filter-detoxifies harmful substances) Pancreas (produces insulin) Gall Bladder (store bile) Nutrients: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins (macromolecules) Vitamins & Minerals Frog Excretory System Kidney Ureters Urinary Bladder Urethra Interesting Fact: All the blood in our body passes 400 times through each kidney every day. Function of the System Excretion – elimination of metabolic wastes (urea) Remove waste from blood Maintain blood pH Regulate H2O content Main Organs / Structures Skin Kidney □ maintain acid-base (pH) balance □ regulate blood pressure □ filters blood Ureters Urinary Bladder Urethra