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
Basic unit of life =

Group of specialized cells =
● 4 Types
- Epithelial (includes glands and tissues that
cover body surfaces)
- Connective (provide support)
- Nervous (transmits nerve impulses)
- Muscle (enables movement)

Group of different types of tissues =

Group of organs that perform related functions =
 HOW
MANY ORGAN SYSTEMS are there? _______
 THESE ORGAN SYSTEMS WORK TOGETHER TO
MAINTAIN _________________ IN THE BODY.
 Homeostasis:
 Feedback
Process by which organisms
maintain a stable internal
environment
inhibition:
Process in which a
stimulus produces a
response that opposes
the original stimulus
Nervous
System
Rat Brain
Interesting Fact:
The human
brain weighs
about 3.5 lbs.
Main Organs / Structures
 Central Nervous System
- Brain
- Spinal Cord
 Peripheral Nervous
System
- Nerves
Specialized Cells
• Neurons - carry the nerve
impulse
Dendrites
Cell body
Nucleus
Axon
Interesting
Fact:
Number of
neurons in
human spinal
cord = 1 billion
Endocrine
System
When I say
ENDOCRINE,
you say
HORMONE.
Function of the System
• Control by delivering
messages (hormones)
throughout the body
• Slower and longer lasting
effects than the nervous
system
• Maintain homeostasis
Main Organs / Structures
• Glands – release hormones into
bloodstream [adrenal, thyroid,
pancreas, pituitary, hypothalamus]
 Hormones –
chemicals released in
the bloodstream that
effect a target cell
cranium
mandible
humerus
ulna
radius
clavicle
sternum
ribs
Vertebral
column
pelvis
femur
patella
tibia
fibula
Skeletal
System
Interesting Facts:
• The smallest
bones in the body
are found in the
ear.
• The longest bone
in the body is the
femur.
Interesting Fact:
Crabs and
lobsters,
insects have
exoskeletons
(skeletons on
the outside
of their
bodies)
Function
• Support
• Protection of internal organs
• Store minerals
• Produce blood cells
Main Organs / Structures
 Bones & Cartilage
Muscular
System
Interesting Facts:
Muscles make up nearly
half the weight of the
human body, this is why
when we train we
sometimes put on weight
instead of losing it.
Function
 Contraction & Movement
- energy supplied by ATP
Main Organs / Structures
 Muscles
– skeletal (voluntary movement)
- cardiac (heart)
- smooth (involuntary)
exp. digestive & circulatory
(esophagus
& stomach)
(walls of
blood vessels)
Circulatory
System
Interesting
Fact:
The roar that
we hear
when we
place a
seashell next
to our ear is
not the
ocean, but
rather the
sound of
blood surging
through the
veins in the
ear.
Function
•
highways : city :: circulatory : human
 Transport of oxygen, nutrients
and waste products
Interesting Fact:
It takes about
20 seconds for a
red blood cell to
circle the whole
body.
Main Organs / Structures
 Heart
 Blood Vessels
- Veins – return blood to the heart
- Arteries – carry blood from the
heart to the body
Specialized Cells
- Red Blood Cells – transport oxygen
- White Blood Cells – attack pathogens
- Platelets – formation of blood clots
Red Blood Cell
• Contains a protein called hemoglobin
to which the oxygen binds
• What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino
Acids
Respiratory
System
Interesting Fact:
Your left lung is
smaller than your
right lung to make
room for your
heart.
Function
• Exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide between the blood, the
tissues, and the air
 Reminder: Cellular Respiration
• C6H12O6 + 6 O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O
• O2 in ; CO2 out
Main Organs / Structures
 Nose, Mouth,
Pharynx
 Larynx (voice box)
 Lungs
 Bronchi (branches)
 Alveoli (air sacs)
 Diaphragm - muscle
Immune
System
Interesting Fact:
Laughing lowers
levels of stress
hormones and
strengthens the
immune system.
Function of the System
 Fight infection
 Main defense against
pathogens
 Immunity
Main Organs / Structures
 Bone Marrow
 Thymus
 Spleen
 Lymph nodes
Specialized Cells
 T-cells [HIV virus attacks]
 Antibodies – proteins that
identify & neutralize foreign objects
Integumentary
System
Interesting Fact:
Human hair and
fingernails
continue to grow
after death.
Function
 Barrier against infection & injury
 Regulates body temperature
 Prevents desiccation
(drying out)
 Provides UV protection
Main Organs / Structures
• Skin – single largest organ in the body
• Hair
• Nails
Reproductive
System
Interesting Fact:
The female human
body is capable of
giving birth to
35 children in
one lifetime.
Function of the System
 Reproduction
 Produces, stores & releases
specialized cells  gametes
Main Organs / Structures
 Testis, penis
 Ovaries, Uterus
Specialized Cells
Gametes
sperm
egg
Digestive
System
Interesting Fact:
The reason honey
is so easy to
digest is that it’s
already been
digested by a bee.
Function
• Break food down into smaller
molecules that can be
absorbed by cells
Main Organs / Structures
 Mouth
□ chewing - mechanical digestion
□ enzymes – chemical digestion
 Esophagus (food tube)
Main Organs / Structures





Stomach (high acidity-low pH)
Small & Large Intestines (has villi for absorption)
Liver (filter-detoxifies harmful substances)
Pancreas (produces insulin)
Gall Bladder (store bile)
Nutrients:
 Carbohydrates, Lipids,
Proteins (macromolecules)
 Vitamins & Minerals
Frog
Excretory
System
Kidney
Ureters
Urinary
Bladder
Urethra
Interesting Fact:
All the blood in our
body passes 400
times through each
kidney every day.
Function of the System
 Excretion – elimination of
metabolic wastes (urea)
 Remove waste from blood
 Maintain blood pH
 Regulate H2O content
Main Organs / Structures
 Skin
 Kidney
□ maintain acid-base (pH)
balance
□ regulate blood pressure
□ filters blood
 Ureters
 Urinary Bladder
 Urethra