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Δημητριάδου Δάφνη
Κούτρας Νικόλαος
Δημητριάδου Δάφνη , "Trajan", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=9399>
Περίληψη :
Roman emperor (28 Jan. 98 AD-9 Aug. 117 AD). He was adopted by Marcus Cocceius Nerva, whom he succeeded. He was married to Pompeia
Plotina, but they had no offspring. He commanded the Roman legions on a number of victorious campaigns in Dacia and Parthia. He expanded the
empire’s borders to the Persian Gulf. He was rather well-disposed towards the Senate and to the equestrian class. His social welfare policy and his
continuous campaigns weakened the state’s finances. He died while conducting military operations in Asia Minor and the Middle East. He was
succeeded by the commander of his army, Publius Aelius Hadrianus.
Τόπος και Χρόνος Γέννησης
September 18, 52 AD, Italica, Spain
Τόπος και Χρόνος Θανάτου
August 9, 117 AD, Selinus, Cilicia
Κύρια Ιδιότητα
Emperor
1. Biographical data
Trajan was born in Spain, in the city of Italica, close to Seville, in the province of Baetica. He was the first Roman emperor of
provincial birth. His family, however, was not of Spanish stock, but came from the city of Tuder in Umbria of northern Italy. His
father, who bore the same name, had risen to the rank of senator, serving as commander (67-68) of Legio X (Fretensis) during the
First Roman-Jewish War, becoming a consul in 70. In c. 75 he became proconsul of the province of Syria and later Baetica and
Asia.
Trajan served with him in Syria as a military commander (tribunus) and pursued a successful career, receiving in 85 the office of
praetor. Later he was given command of the Seventh Legion (Gemina), which was stationed in the city of Legio (Leon) in northern
Spain. From there, in 88/89 he led his troops to Germania Superior where he assisted and eventually became actively engaged in the
suppression of the rebellion of Lucius Antoninus Saturninus against emperor Domitian. During Nerva’s reign he became governor of
Germania Inferior, claiming the agnomen “Germanicus”. In October of 97, Nerva adopted him as a son and heir, thus securing his
smooth accession to the throne of the Roman Empire. He served as consul for a total of six terms: in 91, 98, 100, 101, 103, and in
112.
2. Military deeds
Trajan spent most of his life campaigning. Under his rule the limits of the Roman state were greatly expanded and the Empire
achieved its largest geographical extent. In 101 he launched an expedition against Decebalus, king of the Dacians, which ended in
victory in 106 with the subjection of Dacia and its conversion into a Roman province; the Senate honoured Trajan with the title
“Dacicus”.1 In 113, responding to a provocation by the Parthian king, Osroes, who ousted the king of Armenia without the
agreement of the Roman emperor, Trajan led his legions into Asia Minor. Within two years the empire’s borders were expanded to
the mouth of the Tigris and the Euphrates and down to the Persian Gulf, earning him the agnomen “Parthicus”. The unrest that broke
out in Seleuceia, Mesopotamia, Assyria, Armenia, along the Danube, and in Scotia forced him to postpone his expansionist designs
against India. Most intense were the rebellions of the Jews in Cyrenaica, Mesopotamia, Egypt and Cyprus, which ended in
massacres. By 116 the south of the province of Mesopotamia, the entire province of Assyria and part of Armenia Major had been
lost. Gravely ill and having relinquished the command of the army to Publius Aelius Hadrianus, Trajan died in the winter of 117 in the
city of Selinus in Cilicia,2 while making his way back to Rome; the city was renamed to Traianopolis.3
3. Trajan’s policy in the province of Asia Minor
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Δημητριάδου Δάφνη , "Trajan", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=9399>
Trajan continued Domitian’s policy, placing a large number of equestrians in high-ranking imperial administrative offices. He also
managed to avoid clashing with the Senate.4
During this period, the cities of Asia Minor maintained their freedom; the degree of this freedom, however, always depended on the
emperor’s goodwill. For example, votive inscriptions from two cities in Caria -Aphrodisias and Stratonicea- discovered in Ephesus
refer to these settlements as “free and autonomous from the outset by the grace of Augustus”.5
Between 107 and 113 Trajan divided the province of Galatia-Cappadocia. The proconsul of Galatia governed the areas of Galatia
proper, the interior of Paphlagonia and northern Pisidia. Apart from that province, the proconsul of Cappadocia was also responsible
for Armenia Minor and for parts of the interior of Pontus.6 Attempting to curtail the extravagant spending of the Greek cities, in c.
110 Trajan, with the approval of the Senate, appointed Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus (Pliny the Younger) as corrector in the
province of Pontus-Bithynia.7 Furthermore, in order to be able to oversee the finances of local communities, he appointed curatores
where it was deemed necessary.8 Following the tactic of earlier emperors, he founded/re-founded cities close to the borders of the
provinces and in strategically important areas, for example along major roadways. He habitually gave his name to these cities, like in
the case of Traianopolis close to the ancient city of Grimenothyritae on the borders of Lydia with Phrygia.9 Trajan also took measures
for the maintenance and expansion of the network of roadways in the provinces of Asia Minor. He completed the roads whose
construction had begun under the Flavians. At least one roadway close to Cyzicus10 was repaired. The proconsul of the province of
Galatia-Cappadocia, Titus Pomponius Bassus, who was installed at this office by Domitian and remained there until 100, rendered
serviceable again the road leading from Ankara in Galatia to Amaseia in the Pontus and from there to Cappadocia via the southern
Pontus.11
4. Cult of Trajan in Asia Minor
The wealth of finds from this region confirms that Trajan was particularly popular in Asia Minor. His cult was very widespread and
had its centre at Pergamum in Mysia, where a temple dedicated to the emperor and to Zeus Philios survives. This temple was built on
a bathron and featured an altar in front of its entrance. Coins depicting the temple’s interior, and a head from an adorational statue of
Trajan -depicting him as Zeus-survive. Close to the Temple of Athena -or perhaps in its interior- stood two statues of him, dating
from the first victorious period of the Parthian Campaign (114-116). In the late 2nd cent. games were also held in his honour, known
as ‘Traianeia Deiphilia’.12
In Cilicia, in the city of Iotape, there was a temple and statues dedicated to Trajan.13 Selinus in the same area, the city where Trajan
passed away, also contained a temple erected in his honour.14 In Lycaonia, in the city of Cana, there was a temple and a statue
dedicated to him.15 A Traianeion was erected in Pisidia, in the city of Adada, and a statue of his had been set up in Termessos
Major.16
In Ephesus of Ionia, at the central spot of a monumental Nymphaeum, as gigantic statue of Trajan was set up, and one of the three
city gates was dedicated to him.17 In Smyrna, the citizens, wishing to honour him for the repairs to the aqueduct funded by his father,
erected a shrine with a statue of his in the Agora.18 The base of a statue dedicated to the ‘Optimus Princeps’ was found in Miletus
close to the Bouleuterion. The Great Nymphaeum of Miletus was originally built in honour of Trajan’s father, when the former served
as proconsul of Asia in 79-80. During the reign of his son, wealthy Milesians decorated it with statues depicting both father and
son.19
In Nicaea and Cius of Bithynia monuments dedicated to Trajan were erected. Monuments, statues, dedicatory inscriptions and other
votive offerings honouring him and members of his family, like his spouse Plotina and his sister Ulpia Marciana, have been found in
various places of Phrygia, like Colossae, Heraclea Salbace, Apamea and elsewhere.
Statues of him have also been unearthed in cities of Lycia and Pamphylia.20
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Δημητριάδου Δάφνη
Κούτρας Νικόλαος
Δημητριάδου Δάφνη , "Trajan", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=9399>
1. Heichelheim, F.M. - Yeo, C.A. - Ward, A.M., A History of the Roman People 2 (New Jersey 1984), p. 355.
2. Heichelheim, F.M. - Yeo, C.A. - Ward, A.M., A History of the Roman People 2 (New Jersey 1984), p. 356.
3. Vermeule, C.C., Roman Imperial Art in Greece and Asia Minor (Cambridge Mass. 1968), p. 243.
4. Pleket, H.W., "Domitian, the Senate and the Provinces", Mnemosyne 14 (1961), p. 313, n. 6.
5. Magie, D., Roman Rule in Asia Minor. To the End of the Third Century after Christ I (Princeton 1950), pp. 593-594; Magie, D., Roman Rule in Asia Minor. To the
End of the Third Century after Christ ΙΙ (Princeton 1950), p. 1.450, n. 2-3.
6. Magie, D., Roman Rule in Asia Minor. To the End of the Third Century after Christ Ι (Princeton 1950), p. 605; Magie, D., Roman Rule in Asia Minor. To the End of
the Third Century after Christ ΙΙ (Princeton 1950), pp. 1.459-1.461, n. 24.
7. Magie, D., Roman Rule in Asia Minor. To the End of the Third Century after Christ Ι (Princeton 1950), pp. 596-597; Magie, D., Roman Rule in Asia Minor. To the
End of the Third Century after Christ ΙΙ (Princeton 1950), pp. 1.453-1.454, n. 11-12.
8. Magie, D., Roman Rule in Asia Minor. To the End of the Third Century after Christ Ι (Princeton 1950), pp. 597-599; Magie, D., Roman Rule in Asia Minor. To the
End of the Third Century after Christ ΙΙ (Princeton 1950), pp. 1.454-1.455, n. 13.
9. Magie, D., Roman Rule in Asia Minor. To the End of the Third Century after Christ I (Princeton 1950), p. 595; Magie, D., Roman Rule in Asia Minor. To the End of
the Third Century after Christ ΙΙ (Princeton 1950), p. 1.452, n. 8.
10. Magie, D., Roman Rule in Asia Minor. To the End of the Third Century after Christ I (Princeton 1950), p. 595; Magie, D., Roman Rule in Asia Minor. To the End
of the Third Century after Christ ΙΙ (Princeton 1950), pp. 1.452-1.453, n. 9.
11. Magie, D., Roman Rule in Asia Minor. To the End of the Third Century after Christ I (Princeton 1950), p. 595; Magie, D., Roman Rule in Asia Minor. To the End
of the Third Century after Christ ΙΙ (Princeton 1950), p. 1.453, n. 10.
12. Price, S.R.F., Rituals and Power. The Roman Imperial Cult in Asia Minor 2 (Cambridge 1998), p. 252, n. 20; Vermeule, C.C., Roman Imperial Art in Greece and
Asia Minor (Cambridge Mass. 1968), p. 244, p. 251; Magie, D., Roman Rule in Asia Minor. To the End of the Third Century after Christ I (Princeton 1950), pp. 594595; Magie, D., Roman Rule in Asia Minor. To the End of the Third Century after Christ ΙΙ (Princeton 1950), p. 1.451-1.452, n. 7.
13. Price, S.R.F., Rituals and Power. The Roman Imperial Cult in Asia Minor 2 (Cambridge 1998), p. 177, no. 35, p. 273, n. 149; Vermeule, C.C., Roman Imperial Art
in Greece and Asia Minor (Cambridge Mass. 1968), p. 243.
14. Price, S.R.F., Rituals and Power. The Roman Imperial Cult in Asia Minor 2 (Cambridge 1998), p. 273, no. 153; Vermeule, C.C., Roman Imperial Art in Greece
and Asia Minor (Cambridge Mass. 1968), p. 243.
15. Price, S.R.F., Rituals and Power. The Roman Imperial Cult in Asia Minor 2(Cambridge 1998), p. 177, n. 35 and p. 268, n. 114.
16. Price, S.R.F., Rituals and Power. The Roman Imperial Cult in Asia Minor 2 (Cambridge 1998), p. 269, n. 122; Vermeule, C.C., Roman Imperial Art in Greece and
Asia Minor (Cambridge Mass. 1968), p. 253.
17. Price, S.R.F., Rituals and Power. The Roman Imperial Cult in Asia Minor 2 (Cambridge 1998), p. 136; Vermeule, C.C., Roman Imperial Art in Greece and Asia
Minor (Cambridge Mass. 1968), p. 252.
18. Vermeule, C.C., Roman Imperial Art in Greece and Asia Minor (Cambridge Mass. 1968), p. 252.
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Για παραπομπή :
Δημητριάδου Δάφνη
Κούτρας Νικόλαος
Δημητριάδου Δάφνη , "Trajan", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=9399>
19. Vermeule, C.C., Roman Imperial Art in Greece and Asia Minor (Cambridge Mass. 1968), p. 252.
20. Vermeule, C.C., Roman Imperial Art in Greece and Asia Minor (Cambridge Mass. 1968), pp. 252-254.
Βιβλιογραφία :
Magie D., Roman Rule in Asia Minor. To the End of the Third Century after Christ, I-II, Princeton – New
Jersey 1950
Vermeule C.C., Roman Imperial Art in Greece and Asia Minor, Cambridge 1968
Price S., Rituals and Power. The Roman Imperial Cult in Asia Minor, 2, Cambridge 1998
Alcock S.E., Τhe Early Roman Empire in the East, Oxford 1997, Oxbow Monographs 95
Heichelheim F.M., Yeo C.A., Ward A.M., A History of the Roman People, 2, New Jersey 1984
Rostovtzeff M., Fraser P.M., Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire, 2, Oxford 1957
Wells C., The Roman Empire, 2, Fontana, London 1992
Bennett J., Trajan, Optimus Princeps. A Life and Times, London 1997
Bergmann M., "Zu den Porträts des Trajan und Hadrian", Caballos, A. – Leόn, P. (eds), Italica MMCC
Actas de las Jornadas del 2200 aniversario de la fundaciόn de Italica, Sevilla, 8-11 Nov. 1994, Sevilla
1997, 137-153
Cizek E., "La Littérature et les Cercles Culturels et Politiques à l’époque de Trajan", ANRW ΙΙ.33, 1989,
ANRW, 3-35
Dise R.L., "Trajan, the Antonines and the Governor’s Staff", ZPE, 116, 1997, 273-283
Millar F., "Trajan: Government by Correspondence", Gonzalez, J. (ed.), Trajano. Emperador de Roma,
Roma 2000, 363-388
Richier O., "Les Thèmes Militaires dans le Monnayage de Trajan", Latomus, 56, 1997, 594-613
Schowalter D.N., "Honouring the Emperor. The Ephesians’ Respond to Trajan", Friesinger, H. – Krinzinger,
F. (eds), Ephesos. Der Neue Führer. 100 Jahre Österreichische Ausgrabungen, 1895-1995, Wien 1999,
121-125
Schowalter D.N., "The Zeus Philios and Trajan Temple. A Context for Imperial Honours", Koester, H. (ed.),
Pergamon: Citadel of the Gods. Archaeological Record, Literary Description and Religious
Development, Harrisburg 1998, 233-249
Waters K.H., "The Reign of Trajan and its Place in Contemporary Scholarship", ANRW II.2, 1975, ANRW,
381-431
Waters K.H., "Traianus Domitiani Continuator", AJP, 90, 1969, 385-405
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Συγγραφή :
Μετάφραση :
Για παραπομπή :
Δημητριάδου Δάφνη
Κούτρας Νικόλαος
Δημητριάδου Δάφνη , "Trajan", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=9399>
Δικτυογραφία :
Στύλος του Τραϊανού
http://cheiron.mcmaster.ca/~trajan/
Τραϊανός
http://tjbuggey.ancients.info/Trajan.html
Γλωσσάριo :
consul, -lis
An official of the Roman state. In the period of the Republic, it was the highest military and political office: two consuls were elected each year. The
consular office survived into the Imperial period (and further into the early Byzantine period), becoming a honorary post.
equestrians, the (equites)
The lowest class of Roman aristocracy, whose economic wealth derived mainly from civil professions (bankers, publicans, merchants), yet without
political privileges. The Roman Republican period was marked by their strives against the senators. The equestrians were were won over mainly by
leaders who desired to promote a monarchic type of government pushing aside the Senate.
praetor
Political and juridical magistrate of the Roman Republic and the late Roman Empire. The title was originally borne by two magistrates who were
chosen annually to serve as eponymous heads of the state, but the number of praetors increased within the years. The title was retained with
intervals in the Early Byzantine Period. The office appeared again in the mid-9th cent. and denoted the governor of an administration unit of the
empire. Hierarchically, the praetor was inferior to the strategos of the theme.
proconsul, -lis
A quite high ranking official, vir spectabilis according to the rank of the senate, who was inequable only to the Domestikos of the Scholae and to the
Magister Militum per Orientem. The proconsul usually served as a governor of the Imperial provinces (i.e. in Asia Minor the provinces of Asia and
Cappadocia). The office was demoted from the 9th century onwards and the term was in use until the 12th century meaning a dignity.
senate, the
The top political body of the Roman state. During the early Republic, it was represented by the council of the consuls, the top archons of the roman
state. Later on, its power and responisibilities increased. As a result, it became the main governmental body of Rome. However, during the Imperial
period, the responsibilities of the senate were restricted.
senator, the (1. Roman, 2. Byzantine)
1. A Roman body of men that originally advised the king and then the consuls; Heredity was not the only means of joining the senate and “new men”
or novi homines could become part of it; Augustus revised the senate and left the body with less power and bolstered hereditary claims as a means
to enter the senate; it continued to make laws and conferred powers on new emperors.
2. Member of the senate. The senate, a roman institution transferred from Rome to Constantinople by Constantine I during the Byzantine period was
an advisory body whose rights and responsibilities were not clearly defined. It was consisted of imperial officers coming from the upper and were
ranked according to hierarchical levels: viri illustri (perfectus praetoriae and the magister), viri spectabili (proconsul, vicarius and the comes), viri
clarissimi (consul praetoriae) and viri perfectissimi (praeses and duces). Since the 6th c. AD a new title was established for the upper officers (viri
gloriosi). The years that followed officials were entitled to officers regardless their position as senators or if they were about to be admitted to this
body.
Πηγές
Plin. Epist. 10
Dio Cassius 68.4-33.
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