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Download Section 1: The Rise of Islam
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Islam Expands (Section 2) In spite of internal conflicts, the Muslims create a huge empire that includes land on 3 continents. Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam A New Leader o In 632 Muhammad dies, Muslims elect Abu-Bakr to be first caliph o Caliph, title for Muslim leader, means “successor” or “deputy” “Rightly Guided” Caliphs o First 4 Caliphs guided by Qur’an and Muhammad’s actions o Jihad, armed struggle against unbelievers, used to expand Islam o Muslims control all of Arabia, armies conquer Syria, lower Egypt o By 750, Muslim empire stretches from Atlantic Ocean to Indus River Reasons for success o Muslim armies are well disciplined and expertly commanded o Byzantine and Sassanid empires are weak from previous conflict o Persecuted citizens of these empires welcome Islam o Attracted to Islam’s offer to equality and hope Treatment of Conquered Peoples o Muslims invaders tolerate other religions o Christians, Jews receive special consideration as people of the book Internal Conflict Creates a Crisis Rise of the Umayyads o Struggles for power end the elective system of choosing a caliph o Wealthy family, Umayyads, take power; move Muslim capital to Damascus Sunni- Shi’a Split o Shi’a – “party” of Ali – believe caliph should be Muhammad’s descendant o Sunni – followers of Muhammad’s example – support Umayyads o Sufi followers pursue life of poverty, spirituality; reject Umayyads o In 750, a rebel group – the Abbasids – topple the Umayyads Control Extends Over Three Continents Fall of the Umayyads o Abbasids murder Umayyad family; one prince escapes, Abd al-Rahman o Flees to Spain; establishes new Umayyad caliphate in al-Andalus o al-Andalus – Muslim state in southern Spain settled by North Africans Abbasids Consolidate Power o In 762, Abbasids move Muslim capital from Damascus to Baghdad o Location provides access to trade goods, gold, information o Abbasids develop strong bureaucracy to manage empire Rival Groups Divide Muslim Lands o Independent Muslim states spring up; Shi’a Muslims form new caliphate o Fatimid caliphate – claim descent from Fatima, daughter of Muhammad o Begins in North Africa; spreads to Red Sea, western Arabia and Syria Muslim Trade Network o Muslims trade by land and sea with Asia and Europe o Muslim merchants use Arabic, single currency, and checks o Cordoba, in al-Andalus, is dazzling center of Muslim culture Muslim Culture (Section 3) Muslims combine and preserve the traditions of many peoples and advance learning in a variety of areas. Muslim Society The Rise of Muslim Cities o Leading cities include Damascus, Baghdad, Cordoba, Cairo, Jerusalem o Baghdad, impressive Abbasid capital; population around a million Four Social Classes o Muslim society (Top to bottom); Muslims at birth, converts, protected people, slaves o “Protected people” were Jews, Christians, Zoroastrians Role of Women o Women enjoy some rights but expected to submit to men o Women’s responsibilities vary with husband’s income Muslim Scholarship Extends Knowledge Muslims Support Learing o Muslims use scientific knowledge to help fulfill religious duties o Muhammad valued power of learning, study, scholarship o Muslim scholars preserve and translate scientific, philosophical texts o House of Wisdom – Baghdad institute; library, academy, translation center Art and Sciences Flourish Muslim Literature o Qu’ran is standard for Arabic literature; praise for Muhammad, Islam o Abbasid caliphate poets write of nature, life, and love o Popular literature includes The Thousand and One Nights Muslim Art and Architecture o Islam discourages images of living things, artists turn to calligraphy o Calligraphy – art of beautiful handwriting o Architecture of Muslim mosques is blend of many cultures Medical Advances o Persian al-Razi is greatest physician, from 500 to 1500 o Al-Razi writes encyclopedia of medical knowledge Math and Science Stretch Horizons o Muslim scientists solve problems through experimentation o Al-Khwarizmi develops algebra and writes textbook o Mathematician Ibn al-Haytham changes ideas about vision Philosophy and Religion Blend Views Scholars Promote New Ideas o Ibn Rushd is criticized for blending Greek philosophy with Islam o Jewish philosopher Maimonides faces opposition for his ideas o Blends philosophy, religion, science in The Guide for the Perplexed The “Ideal” Man o Muslims recognize values of many cultures; enjoy a blended culture o Emerging Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal empires reflect Muslim culture Section 1: The Rise of Islam Deserts, Towns, and Trade Routes Your Notes The Prophet Muhammad Your Notes Picture to Represent the Section Picture to Represent the Section Beliefs of Islam Your Notes Practices of Islam Your Notes Picture to Represent the Section Picture to Represent the Section Islam Expands (Section 2) - Muhammad’s Successors Spread ________________________________________ A New Leader o In 632 Muhammad dies, Muslims elect Abu-Bakr to be first caliph o __________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ “Rightly Guided” Caliphs o First 4 Caliphs guided by Qur’an and Muhammad’s actions o __________________________________________________________________________________________ o o Muslims control all of Arabia, armies conquer Syria, lower Egypt By 750, Muslim empire stretches from _______________________________________________________________________________ Reasons for success o Muslim armies are well disciplined and expertly commanded o Byzantine and Sassanid empires are weak from previous conflict o _______________________________________________________________________________ o _______________________________________________________________________________ Treatment of Conquered Peoples o Muslims invaders tolerate other religions o Christians, Jews receive special consideration as _______________________________________________________________________________ Internal Conflict Creates a Crisis Rise of the __________________________________________________ o Struggles for power end the elective system of choosing a caliph o Wealthy family, Umayyads, take power; move Muslim capital to __________________________ Sunni- Shi’a Split o __________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Sunni – __________________________________________________________ – support Umayyads Sufi followers pursue life of _______________________________________________________; reject Umayyads o In 750, a rebel group – the Abbasids – topple the Umayyads Control Extends Over Three Continents Fall of the ____________________________________________________________________ o Abbasids murder Umayyad family; one prince escapes, Abd al-Rahman o o o o __________________________________ – Muslim state in southern Spain settled by North Africans Abbasids Consolidate Power o In 762, Abbasids move Muslim capital from Damascus to ________________________________ o o ______________________________________________________________________________ Location provides access to trade goods, gold, _________________________________________ Abbasids develop strong bureaucracy to manage empire ___________________________________________________________ o Independent Muslim states spring up; Shi’a Muslims form new caliphate o Fatimid caliphate ________________________________________________________________ o Begins in North Africa; spreads to Red Sea, western Arabia and Syria Muslim Trade Network o Muslims trade by land and sea with Asia and Europe o Muslim merchants use Arabic, single currency, and checks Muslim Culture (Section 3) - Muslim Society The Rise of Muslim Cities o Leading cities include Damascus, Baghdad, Cordoba, Cairo, Jerusalem o Baghdad, impressive Abbasid capital; ___________________________________________________ Four Social Classes o Muslim society (Top to bottom); ________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ o “Protected people” ___________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Role of Women o Women enjoy some rights but expected to ________________________________________________ o Women’s responsibilities vary with husband’s income Muslim Scholarship Extends Knowledge Muslims Support Learing o Muslims use scientific knowledge to help fulfill ___________________________________________ o Muhammad valued power of learning, study, scholarship o Muslim scholars preserve and translate scientific, philosophical texts o ________________________________________ – Baghdad institute; library, academy, translation center Art and Sciences Flourish Muslim Literature o Qu’ran is standard for Arabic literature; __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ o Abbasid caliphate poets write of nature, life, and love o Popular literature includes ____________________________________________________________ Muslim Art and Architecture o Islam discourages images of living things, artists turn to calligraphy o Calligraphy – ______________________________________________________________________ o Architecture of Muslim mosques is blend of many cultures Medical Advances o Persian al-Razi is greatest physician, from 500 to 1500 o Al-Razi writes _____________________________________________________________________ Math and Science Stretch Horizons o Muslim scientists solve problems through experimentation o Al-Khwarizmi develops _____________________________________________________________ o Mathematician Ibn al-Haytham changes ideas about vision Philosophy and Religion Blend Views Scholars Promote New Ideas o Ibn Rushd is criticized for blending Greek philosophy with Islam o Jewish philosopher ______________________________________________ faces opposition for his ideas o Blends philosophy, religion, science in The Guide for the Perplexed The “Ideal” Man o Muslims recognize _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ o Emerging Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal empires reflect Muslim culture o