Download EOC BIO BOOK

Know these and pass !!
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
Set 6
Set 7
Cells
Cell molecules and processes
Genetics
Evolution and Classification
Body Systems
Ecosystems
Test Taking Strategies
Rev 8/14
Set 1: CELLS
membrane
nucleus
mitochondria
ribosomes
phospholipid bilayer, semipermeable
control, reproduction
energy, ATP
where proteins are made
Plant cells
cell wall, chloroplasts, large water vacuoles
crunchy, green, refreshing
In and Out of Cell
Passive transport
diffusion
osmosis
hypotonic
hypertonic
does not require energy
high concentration to low, oxygen into cells from
blood
water moves from low concentration to high,
sugar water
lower concentration on outside of cell
higher concentration on outside of cell
Facilitated
helped across the membrane by carrier protein
Active
requires energy
take in
take in liquid
take in solid
kick out
endocytosis
pinocytosis
phagocytosis
exocytosis
Cell Cycle
Bacteria
eukaryote
prokaryote
may not have true nucleus
has true nucleus
no true nucleus, bacteria
Virus
not living?
just genetic material and some protein
needs a host to reproduce
Set 2: CELL PROCESSES
Biomolecules
Polymers
mostly C, H, O, N
similar units linked in chains like carbs and proteins
Sugars
rings of 6 or 5 carbons, end in –ose; sucrose, glucose, fructose
Carbohydrates
connected sugars, longer lasting energy
Proteins
Enzymes
notice the N
are proteins that speed up or assist in many biological reactions, by
lowering activation energy
Fats (Lipids)
fats, waxes, some vitamins
Photosynthesis
where
who
Cell Respiration
where
who
sunlight + carbon dioxide → glucose + oxygen
CO2
C6H12O6
O2
chloroplast
plants
glucose + oxygen → energy to use + carbon dioxide
C6H12O6
O2
CO2
mitochondria
plants, animals, bacteria (all need energy)
Set 3: GENETICS
DNA
names
structure
deoxyribonucleic acid, or nucleic acid, or genetic material
twisted ladder
sides are sugars and phosphates
crossbars are nucleotides (nitrogen bases) A, T, C, G
nitrogen base U comes in during translation
Replication
Transcription
Translation
DNA copies itself
DNA code transferred to RNA, A chooses U
Code is converted to amino acids to build proteins
Codon
Group of three bases, codes for an amino acid
Point Mutations
Substitution
The cat ate the rat
Thr cat ate the rat
Deletion (frameshift)
Thc ata tet her at
Insertion (frameshift)
The cca tat eth era t
could be minor
Sickle Cell Anemia
major
major
Huntington’s
Gamete (egg or sperm) or embryonic
problems or mutagens
Trait
Allele
Homozygous dominant
Homozygous recessive
Heterozygous
Monohybrid cross
Dihybrid cross
characteristic, i.e. eye color
single gene for a trait, Bb, is 2 alleles
AA
aa
Aa
Aa x AA
AABb x aaBB
Punnett square
Non-mendelian genetics
No dominant and recessive, mixes
example: red and white make pink
Set 4: Evolution and Classification
Evidence of Evolution
Fossil record
Morphology
Embryology
Visual examples of pre-cursers
Comparison of parts
Embryonic stages mimic evolution
Common ancestor
Natural Selection
Adaptation
Determined by DNA, biogeography, homologous parts
Whatever allows you to reproduce better than others…
Mutations that improve survival; i.e. camouflage
genetic drift
gene flow
genetic recombination
random change to allele frequency (marbles example)
Japan versus the US in racial variety
changes during meiosis, like crossing over
cell evolution
theory that simple cells became more complex from
engulfing other organisms that became organelles
(example: mitochondria)
KPCOFGS
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
general → → → → → → → specific
Kingdoms
archaea
bacteria
protists
fungi
plants
animals
Human
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Animal
Chordate
Mammal
Primate
Hominid
Homo
Sapiens
has a backbone
hair, live young
opposable thumb
includes Neanderthals
smart, aware, sentient
Set 5: Levels of Organization and Body Systems
Simple to complex
molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system,
organism
Nutrients
food, energy source
Homeostasis
keeping systems in balance
ex. water, hydration, thirst, dehydration
Integumentary
skin, hair, nails; a protective suit
Digestion
break down food, nutrients go from
small intestine to blood
Respiration
oxygen from lungs, to blood, to cells
Cardiovascular/Circulatory
(Blood System)
heart, veins, arteries
carries everything: food, oxygen, wastes, hormones
Nervous System
sends electrical messages to muscles, receives messages
brain, spinal cord, nerves
Musculoskeletal
muscles and bones = sticks and rubber bands
provides support and movement
red blood cells formed in marrow of bones
Immune and Lymph System
armies to fight invasions, infections
antigens - invaders, diseases
antibodies – body creates to fight antigens
immunity - already have antibodies for that
antigen
Endocrine
chemical messengers like testosterone
estrogen, growth hormone
Excretory
sweat and urine, kidneys clean blood, wastes out
in urine
System Interactions
like Fight or Flight
sensory systems perceives danger → adrenalin →
pulse quickens, breathing becomes more rapid,
pupils dilate, increased sweating, muscles tense
Set 6: Ecology
biotic factor
abiotic factor
living things
non-living things like weather, carbon cycle, volcanoes
biome
large climatic area with specific vegetation; rainforest
ecosystem
all the biotic and abiotic factors of a given area, our
ecosystem is dry, with grasses, scrub, some trees, animals
include coyotes, armadillos, etc
but it also includes all the interactions of the parts
succession
the process of how an impacted area develops to a final
stable environment.
example: after a wildfire, grasses start to grow, then
shrubs, then trees
biomass pyramid
the weight of organisms in an energy pyramid (more plants
than predators)
shows the flow of energy in the ecosystem, energy is lost at
each level (usually as heat)
arrow points at the eater and away from the eaten
nut → squirrel
energy pyramid
food webs
Parasitism
Mutualism
Comensalism
one is helped, one is hurt (mosquitos)
+ both are helped (nemo and the anemone)
++
one is helped, the other is neither hurt nor helped
(barnacles on a whale)
+0
Predator
Prey
hunts food
is hunted, eaten
Producers
Consumers
Decomposers
make their own food (like plants)
autotroph
eat their food (for energy source)
heterotroph
energy source is decaying matter (bacteria and fungi)
Carnivore
Herbivore
Omnivore
eats other animals
eats plants
eats many different things
Competition
Extinction
Population
Community
struggle for limited resources (food, shelter,etc)
a species no longer has living members
a group of organisms (same species)
all the organisms in an area (different species)
Set 7: Test Taking Strategies
1. When you get the test
- on the inside cover, or wherever there is space, write in your reminders
1. KPCOFGS
2.
2. For charts or graphs - write notes next to chart or graph before you read the problem
3. Reading and Interpreting questions
- Underline, circle, highlight words that are important. Cross out words you don’t
like.
- Next to the question, write down notes of what you know on that subject (show
what you know)
- Read questions more than once to make sure you know what they are asking
- Don’t forget your common sense. Not every question will be difficult
- Odd man out. If 3 answers are similar and 1 is different, choose the one that’s
different
Remember
If you had good attendance, the correct answer will not be something
you never heard of