Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
6th Grade Science Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD © Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD, 6th Grade Unit 7 Beyond Our Planet Chapter 20: Our Solar System Section 1: A Solar Family Section 2: The Nine Planets Section 3: Moons and Other Bodies Chapter 21: Exploring Space Section 1: Rocket Science Section 4: Living and Working in Space Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD A Solar Family Chapter 20 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD A Solar Family What Do You Think? How does the sun differ from planets? Chapter 20 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD A Solar Family An astronomical unit is the average distance between the sun and Earth. Chapter 20 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD A Solar Family Rotation is the spin of an object in space. Revolution is the motion of a body as it travels around another body in space. Chapter 20 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD A Solar Family Cite: http://www.devastate.com/gif_list/gif_ani/e/earthrot.gif Cite: http://www.mcwdn.org/MAPS&GLOBES/Revolution.GIF Rotation/Revolution Chapter 20 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD A Solar Family Cite:http://www.cs.duke.edu/courses/cps124/fall02/projects/solar/ss.jpg The earth travels around the sun in a path called an orbit. Chapter 20 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD A Solar Family The corona forms the outer atmosphere. The chromosphere is the thin region below the corona. The photosphere is what we know as the visible surface of the sun. Chapter 20 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD A Solar Family The convective zone is where gas circulates. The radiative zone is a dense region where atoms are packed tightly. The core is where energy is produced. http://observe.arc.nasa.gov/nasa/exhibits/sun/graphics/sun8.jpg Chapter 20 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD A Solar Family There are many ideas about the source of the sun’s energy. One idea is people thought the sun was burning fuel to generate its energy. Citehttp://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/stories/SORCE_20040219/images/elmagt.jpg: Chapter 20 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD A Solar Family Another idea about the sun’s source of energy is the sun was thought to have been shrinking because of the release of energy from the sun’s gravitational force (If this were true, it would only burn for 45 million years). Chapter 20 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD A Solar Family The sun gets it’s energy from nuclear fusion. This is a process by which 2 or more low mass nuclei join together or fuse to form a massive nucleus. Chapter 20 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD A Solar Family Solar activity is when thermal energy moves from the sun’s interior by the circulation of gases in the convection zone causing gas in the photosphere to boil and churn. Chapter 20 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Cite :http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/images/solaranim092501b.gif : A Solar Family Sun spots are formed when magnetic fields slow down in the convective zone causing areas on the sun to become cooler. Chapter 20 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Cite: http://www.celestialimage.com/steve%20lee%20sun.jpg A Solar Family Solar Sun Spots in action. Chapter 20 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD A Solar Family Solar flares are giant storms on the sun’s surface that send huge streams of electrically charged particles into the solar system. Solar flares cause light shows in the sky called auroras. Chapter 20 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Click to see a picture of auroras. A Solar Family Cite: http://www.spacescience.com/headlines/images/perseids2000a/hershman1.jpg Chapter 20 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Pre-AP Extension Color affects the absorption of radiant energy. Radiant energy is energy due to radiation. Any object that has a temperature is emitting radiant energy. You can use the results of the following lab to better dress for the seasons. Chapter 20 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD See speaker notes for lab. Let’s Review 1. What is the difference between revolution and orbit? Chapter 20 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD A Solar Family Revolution is the motion of one body around another, while an orbit is the path of an object as the object revolves around another object. Chapter 20 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Let’s Review 2. Identify the characteristics of the sun. Chapter 20 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD A Solar Family Answer vary: The sun is a star that gets it energy from nuclear fusion. It is the center of the solar system. Chapter 20 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD The Nine Planets Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD The Nine Planets What Do You Think? Name the nine planets. Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD The Nine Planets In 1610, Galileo Galilei realized that planets are not just points of light – they are spherical bodies like the Earth. Cite: http://www.star.ucl.ac.uk/~idh/apod/image/0110/galileo_sustermans.jpg Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD The Nine Planets The solar system is divided into two main parts: Inner planets and the outer planets. Cite: http://www.astro.uiuc.edu/projects/data/KeplersLaws/images/planets.jpg: Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD The Nine Planets The inner planets are called terrestrial planets because they are small, dense, and rocky like the Earth . The inner planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. Cite: http://www.manatee.k12.fl.us/sites/elementary/palmasola/inner2.jpg Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD The Nine Planets The outer planets, except Pluto, are much larger and are made mostly of gasses thus are called Gas Giants. The gas giants are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Cite: http://www.motivate.maths.org/conferences/conf42/Talk_images/outer_planets_small_2.jpg Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD The Nine Planets Some planets rotate clockwise (retrograde rotation) while others rotate counterclockwise (prograde rotation). The planets that have a retrograde rotation are Venus, Uranus, and Pluto. Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD The Nine Planets Can you think of a way to remember the order of the planets? (mnemonic) Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD The Nine Planets My very educated mother just served us nine pizzas. Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD The Nine Planets Mercury is the closest planet to the sun. A day = 59 Earth days (because of slow rotation) A year = 88 Earth days Mercury has the biggest range in surface temperatures. Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD The Nine Planets Venus is more like Earth than any other planet. One way it differs, however, is that Venus has a retrograde rotation. Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD The Nine Planets The only planet that is known to support life is Earth. Earth is warm enough to keep water from freezing and cool enough to keep it from boiling. Liquid water is a vital resource for life on Earth. Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Cite: http://www.lunaroutpost.com/gallery/earth/images/earth_full_hires%20copy.jpg The Nine Planets Mars, the red planet, is the fourth planet from the sun. There is strong evidence that water once existed here. Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD The Nine Planets Mars has the largest mountain in the solar system. The name of the mountain is Olympus Mons and it is an extinct shield volcano. Chapter 20 Section 2 Citehttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/planetary/mars/olympus_mons.jpg Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD : Mar's surface Picture taken by the Viking lander Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Cite: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/planetary/mars/vikinglander2-2.jpg The Nine Planets Jupiter is the largest gas giant. Jupiter radiates much more energy into space than it receives from the sun. Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD The Nine Planets Saturn is the second largest planet. Saturn is made mostly of hydrogen and helium. Saturn has the largest rings, which are made of icy particles. Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD The Nine Planets Uranus is a small giant. It may have been tipped over on its side when it was hit by a massive object. It has a blue-green color due to methane. Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD The Nine Planets Neptune has a great dark spot. It’s atmosphere contains belts of visible clouds. Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD The Nine Planets Pluto is the farthest planet from the sun. It is covered by frozen nitrogen and it’s moon is more than half its size. Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Cite: http://www.xtec.es/centres/b7001413/imatges/pluto.jpg The Nine Planets Determine your weight on each planet. Remember your weight is determined by the planet’s gravitational pull. What is my weight on another planet? Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD The Nine Planets Activity Select a planet of your choice and create a power point about your planet. Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Pre-AP Extension Examine the planetary distance of each planet from the sun and create a scale model of each planet’s distance from the sun. Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD See speaker notes for lab. Let’s Review 1. How are the gas giants different from the terrestrial planets? Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD The Nine Planets Gas Giants are much larger and more massive, they occupy the outer solar system, and they are much more widely spaced than the terrestrial planets. Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Let’s Review 2. Explain what is so unusual about Uranus’s axis of rotation. Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD The Nine Planets Uranus’s axis of rotation is tilted so that each pole points toward the sun for part of Uranus’s year. Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Let’s Review 3. What conclusion can you draw about a planet’s properties just by knowing how far it is from the sun? Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD The Nine Planets Planets farther from the sun tend to have lower surface temperatures; they are space farther apart; their period of revolution is much longer; they are most likely larger and have more moons. Chapter 20 Section 2 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Moons and Other Bodies Chapter 20 Section 3 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Moons and Other Bodies What Do You Think? What are some other objects out in space besides planets? Chapter 20 Section 3 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Moons and Other Bodies Our moon’s name is Luna. It is about 4.6 billion years old and has numerous impact craters. The dark areas or lava plains on the moon are called marias. Cite:http://www.astrosurf.com/cidadao/moon_99_03_01.jpg Chapter 20 Section 3 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Moons and Other Bodies Satellites are natural or artificial bodies that revolve around a larger body. Moons are natural bodies that revolve around a larger body. Chapter 20 Section 3 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Moons and Other Bodies Asteroids are small, rocky bodies that revolve around the sun = stony or metallic Many are found in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Cite: http://www.astronomynotes.com/solarsys/asteroids-label.jpg Chapter 20 Section 3 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Moons and Other Bodies Ceres is the largest known asteroid. Cites: http://www.maiaw.com/dimetra/Dabout/Ceres.jpg Chapter 20 Section 3 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Moons and Other Bodies Meteoroids are like asteroids but smaller. Meteorites are meteoroids that hit the ground. Meteors are the bright streaks of light in the sky. Chapter 20 Section 3 Cite: http://www.lvaas.org/gallery/2001/bus-trip/willamette-meteorite.jpg Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Moons and Other Bodies Stony made of rock material. Metallic made of iron and nickel. Stony-iron made of rocky material iron and nickel. Open you textbook to page 561 to look some pictures of these types of meteorites. Chapter 20 Section 3 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Moons and Other Bodies Comets are small body of ice, rock and cosmic dust. They are also known as “snowy dirtball”. Cite:http://www.mpe.mpg.de/Pictures/x-comets.jpg Chapter 20 Section 3 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Moons and Other Bodies – Nucleus is the solid center. – Ion tail is made of electrically charged particles. – Dust tail is dust debris due to the sun’s radiation. Chapter 20 Section 3 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Moons and Other Bodies Comets orbit is elongated. The tail always blows away from the sun due to solar winds. Cite: http://www.lerc.nasa.gov/WWW/ion/past/90s/thumbs/t-borrelly.jpg Chapter 20 Section 3 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Moons and Other Bodies Animation of a Comet Cite: http://spaceplace.jpl.nasa.gov/en/kids/comet_diagram.gif Chapter 20 Section 3 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Moons and Other Bodies Let’s look at some photos of comets : icy bodies that orbit the sun. Chapter 20 Section 3 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Pre-AP Extension What makes a story science fiction? List the characteristics of a science fiction story. Read the story The Mad Moon from Holt Anthology. Does this story have any of the characteristic that you listed before you read the story that makes it science fiction? If so, what are they? Chapter 20 Section 3 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Let’s Review 1. When a comet approaches the sun, why does its tail move away from the sun? Chapter 20 Section 3 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Moons and Other Bodies The solar winds blow the tail away from the sun. Chapter 20 Section 3 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Let’s Review 2. Identify and describe how the solar system is combination of two or more systems. Chapter 20 Section 3 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Moons and Other Bodies The solar system is a large system that is made up of smaller systems, such as Jupiter’s system. Chapter 20 Section 3 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Rocket Science Chapter 21 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Rocket Science What Do You Think? Why can’t a commercial airplane be used for space exploration? Chapter 21 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Rocket Science A rocket is a vehicle or device that contains all the substances needed to burn fuel, and uses escaping gas from the burning of fuel to move. Cite: http://www.colman-egan.k12.sd.us/school/clipart/animation%20by%20students%202000/rocket.gif Chapter 21 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Rocket Science Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (kahn stan teen tsee uhl hahv skee) believed that rockets were the key to space exploration. He is known as the “Father of Rocket Theory” Cite:http://www.allstar.fiu.edu/aero/images/Tsiolkovsky.jpg Chapter 21 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Rocket Science Robert Goddard is considered the “Father of modern rocketry”. He tested numerous rockets between 1915 and 1930. Chapter 21 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Cite: http://cyberquebec.ca/spoutnik/goddard.jpg Rocket Science History: During WWII Germany made V-2 rocket to use as a bomb. Wernher von Braun developed the V-2 rocket but he wasn’t happy that it was used as bomb. At the end of WWII, Wernher von Braun and his team surrendered to the USA. Chapter 21 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Rocket Science V-2 Rocket Cite: http://www.daviddarling.info/images/V-2.jpg Chapter 21 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Rocket Science At the end of WWII, the cold war (arms race) began with the Soviet Union. NASA or the National Aeronautics and Space Administration formed as a result to the alarm Americans felt over Soviet advances in space. Chapter 21 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Cite: http://cgi.cnn.com/TECH/space/9901/04/space.trio/story.nasa.jpg Rocket Science Saturn V Cite: http://www.wilhelm-aerospace.org/Photos/spring-break-03/saturn-v-composite.jpg Chapter 21 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Click for information on the Saturn V. Rocket Science The Saturn V, developed at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center under the direction of Wernher von Braun, was the largest in a family of liquid-propellant rockets that solved the problem of getting to the Moon. In all, 32 Saturns were launched; not one failed. The Saturn V was flight-tested twice without a crew. The first manned Saturn V sent the Apollo 8 astronauts into orbit around the Moon in December 1968. After two more missions to test the lunar landing vehicle, in July 1969 a Saturn V launched the crew of Apollo 11 to the first manned landing on the Moon. Chapter 21 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Rocket Science How does a rocket work? Rockets use Newton’s Third Law of Motion: every action there is an equal reaction in the opposite direction. Turn to page 574 in your textbook to read about how rockets work. Chapter 21 Section 1 Cite: http://www.astro.psu.edu/xray/rockets/launch_animation.gif Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Rocket Science Rockets must reach orbital velocity in order to orbit the Earth. The lowest speed is 8km/s. Speeds less then this are suborbital. Chapter 21 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Rocket Science Escape velocity is the speed and direction a rocket must move in order to completely break away from the planet’s gravitational pull. This speed is 11km/s. Chapter 21 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Escape Velocity is about 11km.s. Suborbital less than 8km/s. Orbital Velocity about 8km/s. Chapter 21 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Rocket Science Rockets need more than just fuel to propel them into space. They also need oxygen. Rockets that go into space must carry oxygen with them to burn their fuel. Chapter 21 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Rocket Science Click on the following website to see how the space shuttle engines work or the solid booster rockets work. http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/miss ions/index-how-it-works.html Chapter 21 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Rocket Science Activity Make your own rocket using effervescent tablets, Fiji film canisters, water, constructions paper and tape. Your teacher will place the tablet and water in the Fiji canister for you. See speaker notes for lab. Chapter 21 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Let’s Review 1. How does a rocket engine work? Chapter 21 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Rocket Science Rocket engines use the pressure of expanding gas to generate thrust. Newton’s third law of motion explains why rockets move in a direction opposite to the direction of the escaping gas. Chapter 21 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Let’s Review 2. What force must be overcome to reach outer space? Chapter 21 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Rocket Science Gravity Chapter 21 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Living and Working in Space Cite: http://www.harcourtschool.com/explorations/activity/space_station/images/iss_living_in_space.jpg Chapter 21 Section 4 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Living and Working in Space What Do You Think? How can we live in space? Chapter 21 Section 4 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Living and Working in Space Yuri Gagarin first Soviet cosmonaut to orbit the Earth on April 12,1961. Allan Shepard first American in space on May 5, 1961. Chapter 21 Section 4 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Living and Working in Space John F. Kennedy’s Speech to send Americans into space. Because the Soviets were first in space, they appeared to be winning the Cold War. President John F. Kennedy made a speech on May 25, 1961 that challenged Americans to go to the moon. Click on the following website to read part of Kennedy’s speech: http://www1.nasa.gov/vision/space/features/jfk_speech.html Chapter 21 Section 4 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Living and Working in Space The Apollo missions were set into motion to get America to the moon. Neil Armstrong became the first person to set foot on the moon. Chapter 21 Section 4 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Cite: http://www.neatherd.org/astronomy/Apollo%2011%20Moon%20Orbit.j Living and Working in Space Kennedy’s challenge was met on July 20, 1969. The Apollo 11 landing module landed on the moon. “The Eagle has landed”. Cite: http://edition.cnn.com/2001/TECH/space/05/25/kennedy.moon/story.kennedy.moon.jpg Chapter 21 Section 4 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Living and Working in Space The space shuttle is a reusable vehicle that takes off like a rocket and lands like an airplane. First launched in April 12, 1981. Tragedy struck twiceJanuary 28, 1986 and February 1, 2003. Cite: http://content.honeywell.com/dses/assets/product_images/space_shuttle_launch.jpg Chapter 21 Section 4 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Living and Working in Space On April 19, 1971 Soviets became the first to place a manned space station in space. A space station is a long-term orbiting platform from which other vehicles can be launched or research carried out. Chapter 21 Section 4 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Living and Working in Space Skylab was America’s first space station. Skylab began to decay in 1979 and fell to the Earth. In 1986, Soviets began building the Mir which many countries visited. Chapter 21 Section 4 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Living and Working in Space Cite: http://www.nationmaster.com/images/enc/S/Skylab.jpg 1979 end of Skylab. Chapter 21 Section 4 Cite: http://www.cosmoworld.ru/mirstation/photos/Mir-v-81.jpg March 20, 2001 end of Mir. Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Living and Working in Space In 1993, Russia , the U.S. and many other countries began building the ISS or the International Space Station. The purpose of the ISS is to conduct experiments, test new technology and promote cooperation. Chapter 21 Section 4 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Living and Working in Space ISS Cite:http://www.lunaroutpost.com/gallery/iss/images/iss-gal08.jpg Chapter 21 Section 4 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Living and Working in Space Click on the following website to get updated information on the International Space Station. Chapter 21 Section 4 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Pre-AP Extension How can you build a piece of equipment that models how astronauts work in space? Chapter 21 Section 4 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD See speak notes for lab. Let’s Review 1. How was the race to explore our solar system influenced by the Cold War? Chapter 21 Section 4 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Living and Working in Space The Cold War tensions greatly accelerated the space programs of the United States and the Soviet Union. Chapter 21 Section 4 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Let’s Review 2. How did the missions to the moon benefit space science? Chapter 21 Section 4 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Living and Working in Space The missions to the moon helped us understand the geology of the moon and measure the solar wind. Chapter 21 Section 4 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Let’s Review 3. How will space stations help in the exploration of space? Chapter 21 Section 4 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD Living and Working in Space Space stations will serve as refueling, construction, and research stations. Chapter 21 Section 4 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD