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1 CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 1 Introduction Slide 1 2 “An operating system (OS) is software, consisting of programs and data, that runs on computers and manages the computer hardware and provides common services for efficient execution of various application software ” CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 1 Introduction Slide 2 แนะนำรำยวิชำ 3 เนื้ อหำวิชำครอบคลุมกำรศึกษำบทบำทและหน้ำที่ข อง ระบบปฏิ บั ติ ก ำรที่ มี ค วำมส ำคั ญ ต่ อ ระบบคอมพิ ว เตอร์ องค์ป ระกอบของระบบปฏิ บัติ ก ำร กำรจัด กำรโพรเซส กำร จัดกำรหน่วยควำมจำ กำรจัดกำรระบบแฟ้ มข้อมูล กำรจัด กำร อุ ป กรณ์อิ น พุ ต และเอำท์พุ ต กำรควบคุ ม กำรเข้ำ ถึ ง ข้อ มู ล รวมทั้งระบบปฏิบตั ิกำรสำหรับเครือข่ำย และระบบปฏิบตั ิกำร สำหรับระบบมัลติโพรเซสเซอร์ CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 1 Introduction Slide 3 ข้อตกลงในชั้นเรียน • เวลำเข้ำเรียนไม่ต ่ำกว่ำร้อยละ 80 4 – ขำดได้ไม่เกิน 3 ครั้ง – มำสำยกว่ำเวลำเรียนครึ่งชั ่วโมง 2 ครั้ง ถือว่ำขำด 1 ครั้ง • ส่งงำนที่ได้รบั มอบหมำยทั้งหมดครบและตรงตำม ระยะเวลำที่กำหนด • กำรแต่งกำย ให้เป็ นไปตำมระเบียบมหำวิทยำลัยกำหนด หำกฝ่ ำฝื นจะไม่ได้รบั อนุญำตให้เข้ำชั้นเรียน CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 1 Introduction Slide 4 ข้อตกลงในกำรกำหนดคะแนน 5 • ระหว่ำงภำค (50%) แบ่งเป็ น –ควำมสนใจ (กำรเข้ำเรียน จริยธรรม และ กำรแต่งกำย) 10% –งำนที่ได้รบั มอบหมำย 20% –สอบกลำงภำค 30% • ปลำยภำค (50%) –สอบปลำยภำค 50% CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 1 Introduction Slide 5 หนังสื อที่ใช้ในการทบทวน 6 • TextBook Operating System 8th Edition Silberschatz (Yale University ), Peter B. Galvin (Corporate Technologies), Greg Gagne (Westminster College) July 2008, ©2009 • E-Learning htpp//ele.kbu.ac.th/Boonyong • http://elc.kbu.ac.th/users/index.php CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 1 Introduction Slide 6 Chapter 1 Introduction CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 1 Introduction 7 Slide 7 Objectives • To describes the Operating system. • To describes each Componets of an Operating System. • To discuss Development of an Operating System. • To explain the Operation of Different type of Operating System. CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 1 Introduction Slide 8 8 Topic Covered • • • • • 9 What is an Operating System? What are the components of an OS? What does an OS do? Short History of OSs Different types of OSs CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 1 Introduction Slide 9 What is an Operating System? • A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer and the computer hardware. • Operating system goals: – Execute user programs and make solving user problems easier. – Make the computer system convenient to use. • Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner. CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 1 Introduction Slide 10 10 Computer System Components 1. Hardware – provides basic computing resources (CPU, memory, I/O devices). 2. Operating system – controls and coordinates the use of the hardware among the various application programs for the various users. 3. Applications programs – define the ways in which the system resources are used to solve the computing problems of the users (compilers, database systems, video games, CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 1 Introduction Slide 11 11 Abstract View of System Components 12 CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 1 Introduction Slide 12 System Components 13 Hides the complexity of machine language from programmer Instruction Set Architecture Physical devices grouped together to form functional units Integrated circuit chips, power supply, CRT • The operating system run in kernel or supervisor mode - protected from user tampering • Compilers, editors and application programs run in user mode CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 1 Introduction Slide 13 Functions of an OS • User Environment - OS layer transforms bare hardware machine into higher level abstractions – Execution environment - process management, file manipulation, interrupt handling, I/O operations, language. – Error detection and handling – Protection and security – Fault tolerance and failure recovery CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 1 Introduction Slide 14 14 Functions of an OS • Resource Management 15 – Time management • CPU and disk transfer scheduling – Space management • main and secondary storage allocation – Synchronization and deadlock handling • IPC, critical section, coordination – Accounting and status information • resource usage tracking CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 1 Introduction Slide 15 History of Operating Systems 16 • Pre-electronic – Charles Babbage (1792-1871) “analytical machine” – Purely mechanical, failed because technology could not produce the required wheels, cog, gears to the required precision • First generation 1945 - 1955 – Aiken, von Neumann, Eckert, Mauchley and Zuse – programming done via plugboards, no OS or language – vacuum tubes CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 1 Introduction Slide 16 History of Operating Systems • Second generation 1955 - 1965 – transistors more reliable than vacuum tubes – jobs read in via punched cards – batch systems introduced to reduce wasted time in setting up and running jobs •bring cards to 1401 •read cards to tape offline •put tape on 7094 which does computing •put tape on 1401 which prints output offline CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 1 Introduction Slide 17 17 History of Operating Systems • Third generation 1965 – 1980 – – – – – – 18 IBM System/360: combine business and scientific computers into one machine Computer will grow with client(memory, processor speed, number of I/O devices etc.) Forerunner of 370, 4300, 3080 and 3090 Use of integrated circuits provided major price/performance advantage over 2nd generation OS/360 had to meet conflicting needs which resulted in enormous and complex operating system Introduced multiprogramming to make most efficient use of CPU – Spooling: read jobs from cards to disk ready to load into memory and queue output to disk for printing CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 1 Introduction Slide 18 History of Operating Systems • In batch, total time from submitting a job to getting the output was a few hours, very unproductive for programmers • Timesharing (a variant of multiprogramming) provides for user interaction with the computer system 19 – On-line communication between the user and the system is provided; when the operating system finishes the execution of one command, it seeks the next “control statement” from the user’s keyboard. – The CPU is multiplexed among several jobs that are kept in memory and on disk (the CPU is allocated to a job only if the job is in memory). • • • • • • takes advantage of the idle CPU switch occurs so frequently that the user can interact with each program as it is running each command is short so only a little CPU time is needed for each user each user is given the impression that the entire system is dedicated to his use Batch jobs could be running in background CTSS (Compatible Time Sharing System - MIT) was first success • Minicomputers and the development of UNIX – UNIX was stripped down, one user version of MULTICS (extension of CTSS) – Numerous variants : System V, BSD, POSIX (IEEE), MINIX, Linux CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 1 Introduction Slide 19 History of Operating Systems 20 • Fourth generation 1980 – present – Large Scale Integrated chips – personal computers – 1974: Intel developed 8080 chip (8 bit CPU), Gary Kildall wrote CP/M OS (Intel gave him the rights) and formed Digital Research – Early 1980s: IBM designed IBM PC. Bill Gates had BASIC interpreter and recommended DR as an OS. Kildall sent subordinate to meeting and refused to sign non-disclosure. Gates was asked for an OS, bought DOS from Seattle Computer Products and offered IBM DOS/BASIC package. Renamed it MS -DOS – Early Windows versions ran on top of DOS, Windows 95 and beyond and NT were full fledged OSs – Network Operating Systems (user sees multiple computers) – Distributed Operating Systems (user sees one processor) CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 1 Introduction Slide 20 Mainframe Systems • First computers used to solve many commercial and scientific applications 21 – evolved from batch time shared systems • Reduce setup time by batching similar jobs – serial card readers were initial input device then disks enabled job scheduling by the operating system • Automatic job sequencing – automatically transfers control from one job to another. – first rudimentary operating system. – CPU often idle because of great differences in speed between mechanical I/O vs. electronic devices • Early OS called resident monitor – – – – initial control in monitor control transfers to job when job completes control transfers pack to monitor eliminated intervention by programmer CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 1 Introduction Slide 21 Memory Layout for a Simple Batch System 22 CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 1 Introduction Slide 22 Multiprogrammed Batch Systems Several jobs from the pool of all submitted jobs are kept in main memory at the same time, and the CPU is multiplexed among them. CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 1 Introduction Slide 23 23 OS Features Needed for Multiprogramming 24 • Why multiprogramming? – Increases CPU utilization by trying to always keep the CPU busy processing some job – I/O of one job causes switch to another job • Memory management – the system must allocate the memory to several jobs. • CPU scheduling – the system must choose among several jobs ready to run. • Allocation of devices. CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 1 Introduction Slide 24 Desktop Systems 25 • Personal computers – computer system dedicated to a single user. • I/O devices – keyboards, mice, display screens, small printers. • User convenience and responsiveness. • Can adopt technology developed for larger operating systems. Often individuals have sole use of computer and do not need advanced CPU utilization of protection features. • May run several different types of operating systems (Windows, MacOS, UNIX, Linux) CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 1 Introduction Slide 25 Parallel Systems • Multiprocessor systems with more than on CPU in close communication. • Tightly coupled system – processors share memory and a clock; communication usually takes place through the shared memory. • Advantages of parallel system: – Increased throughput with more processors – Economical – share peripherals, mass storage, power etc. as opposed to individual PCs – Increased reliability • graceful degradation / fault tolerant – failure of one processor will slow down but not halt the system – other processors pick up the slack CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 1 Introduction Slide 26 26 Parallel Systems (Cont.) • Symmetric 27 multiprocessing (SMP) – Each processor runs and identical copy of the operating system. – Many processes can run at once without performance deterioration. – Most modern operating systems support SMP • Asymmetric multiprocessing – Each processor is assigned a specific task; controlling processor schedules and allocates work to other processors. – More common in extremely large systems CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 1 Introduction Slide 27 Distributed Systems • Distribute the computation among several physical processors. • Loosely coupled system – each processor has its own local memory; processors communicate with one another through various communications lines, such as high-speed buses or telephone lines. • Advantages of distributed systems. – – – – Resource sharing Computation speed up – load sharing Reliability Communications between processors and processes CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 1 Introduction Slide 28 28 Distributed Systems (cont) 29 • Requires networking infrastructure. – TCP/IP is the most common network protocol • Local area networks (LAN) or Wide area networks (WAN) • May be either client-server or peer-topeer systems. CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 1 Introduction Slide 29 Real-Time Systems • Often used as a control device in a dedicated application 30 such as controlling scientific experiments, medical imaging systems, industrial control systems, and some display systems. • Well-defined, fixed time constraints. • Hard real-time: – Secondary storage limited or absent, data stored in short term memory, or read-only memory (ROM) – Not supported by general-purpose operating systems. • Soft real-time – Limited utility in industrial control of robotics – Useful in applications (multimedia, virtual reality) requiring advanced operating-system features. CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 1 Introduction Slide 30 Handheld Systems • Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) • Cellular telephones • Issues: 31 – Limited memory (512KB to 8MB) requires efficient management – Slow processors – Small display screens. CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 1 Introduction Slide 31 Migration of Operating-System Concepts and Features 32 CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 1 Introduction Slide 32 Assignment (1) 33 • BOOTABLE DISK • BOOTABLE CD • BOOTABLE FLASH DRIVE CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 1 Introduction Slide 33 Assignment (2) UNIX,MAC,SOLARY,SYMBIAN Operating System • - History • - Design Principles • - System Components • - Environmental Subsystems • - File system • - Networking • - Programmer Interface The • • • • • • • • • • - Linux Operating System History Design Principles Kernel Modules Process Management Scheduling Memory Management File Systems Input and Output Intercrosses Communication Network Structure Windows Operating System • - History • - Design Principles • - System Components • - Environmental Subsystems • - File system • - Networking • - Programmer Interface CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 1 Introduction Slide 34 34