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Ancient Egypt Ancient Egypt Explain how the Nile influenced the development of Ancient Egypt Compare Old and Middle Kingdoms of Egypt and describe the New Kingdom Explain how Egyptian society was structured. List the scientific contributions Egypt made to civilization. Ancient Egypt app. 10,000 sq. miles a ribbon of fertile land 600 miles long half a dozen miles wide for most of its length compared to 165 miles in Mesopotamia Nile River Longest in the World Lifeblood of Egypt. Ancient Egypt, con’t more arid and more fertile than Mesopotamia divided into two parts the Delta (Lower Egypt) and the Upper Nile (Upper Egypt) Landforms of Egypt Mediterranean Sea Red Sea Cataracts to the South – Protected from the Kush in Ethiopia Libyan Desert to the West Nubian Desert to the South/East Arabian Desert to the East What about the Sinai Peninsula? Aswan Dam Egyptian religion Believed in Egyptian Gods & Life after Death. What type of Gods? • God Over Nature • God of Life & Death • Village Gods Worship of the Pharaoh was “nationwide” Amon-Re Most important God Why did the Egyptians build all their tombs and funeral temples on the west bank of the Nile? Sunrise and Sunset Osiris God of the Nile Legend says he was killed by his brother Set (God who caused harvests to wither and die). Isis = Wife of Osiris brought him back to life. He was then the God of Life and Death. Associated with the rise and fall of the Nile. Mummification As much of the brain as it is possible is extracted through the nostrils with an iron hook, and what the hook cannot reach is dissolved with drugs. Next, the flank is slit open . . . and the entire contents of the abdomen removed. The cavity is then thoroughly cleansed and washed out . . . Then it is filled with pure crushed myrrh, cassia, and all other aromatic substances, except frankincense. [The incision] is sewn up, and then the body is placed in natron, covered entirely for 70 days, never longer. When this period . . . is ended, the body is washed and then wrapped from the head to the feet in linen which has been cut into strips and smeared on the underside with gum which is commonly used by the Egyptians in the place of glue..Bob Brier, Egyptian Mummies Brain hooks, Oil jar, Funnel, Embalmer's knife Canopic Jars Sarcofigace In the Middle Kingdom, it became standard practice to place a mask over the face of the deceased. The majority of these were made of cartonnage (papyrus or linen coated with gesso, a type of plaster), but wood and, in the case of royal mummies, silver and gold, were also used. Mummified Animals Some have been found in large quantities, while others are rare. Many species were raised in the temples to be sacrificed to the gods. Autopsies on cats show that most had had their necks broken when they were about two years old. Cats were highly valued members of the ancient Egyptian household. Cat Cat Dog Rosetta Stone Jean Champollion deciphered it. Found in 1799 by French Soldiers Three kinds of writing found on it Demotic Greek Hieroglyphics Writing Hieroglyphic scripts for architectural and monumental purposes Pictograms – pictures of objects. Ideograms – pictures of idea or action. Stones & Wood papyrus paper Unification 3100 B.C. Menes (Upper) & Lower Egypt unite. Menes was the first Pharaoh and started a dynasty. Menes ruled for 62 years. What is a dynasty? killed by a hippopotamus Unification Menes gained farmland as well as access to the Sinai Peninsula (Copper Mines). Menes wore a double crown symbolizing the unity of the two kingdoms. Unification The most important event in Egyptian history What role did Menes play in religion and politics ? How was unification maintained ? Historical Schema Approximately 30 dynasties have been traced to Ancient Egypt. The Old Kingdom (2700-2200 B.C.) The Middle Kingdom (2050-1800 B.C.) The New Kingdom (1570- 1090 B.C.) What about the gap in years? The Old Kingdom The Pharaoh – absolute control of the people. Controlled land, quarries, mines, and water. Centralized govt., improved life, known as the PYRAMID AGE Centralized Government Kingdoms Provinces officials to collect taxes. Taxes paid for: Building projects and irrigation systems Officials became hereditary and part of the noble class. Zoser Ordered his chief minister Imhotep to design his step pyramid. Pyramids at Giza still stand from this age. The Middle Kingdom Pharaohs begin to pay attention to the common person. Common people resented Pharaohs in the Old Kingdom. Common people were allowed to be mummified. gave them the same access to the afterlife as nobles and pharaohs. The Middle Kingdom Projects: Nile Delta, Canal from Nile to the Red Sea. Increased use of transportation and trade. – Kush & Mesopotamia 1800 B.C. a time of turmoil Invaded by Hyksos of Western Asia. The Hyksos Brought horses and war chariots. Egyptians used donkey carts During Hyksos’ Rule – 200 Years Egyptians learned to ride horses and become expert chariot riders. Egyptians eventually turned against the Hyksos and expelled them from Egypt. The New Kingdom Egyptian power reaches its peak. An EMPIRE is established. Flourishing economy – Trade Routes New Capital at Thebes. What is located by Thebes? Called the “Empire Age” Queen Hatshepsut 1st Woman ruler in history… Ruled for 22 years. • Efficient Government • Trade Expedition to Somalia. • Ivory, incense, gold, etc. Succeeded by her step-son. • Thutmose III. • Great military leader. Expanded Egypt to its greatest size. Thutmose III Conquered Palestine and Syria Organized navy. Helped keep cities subdued along coast. Controversial Pharaoh Amenhotep IV – no interests in foreign conquests or “traditional” religion of that time. Wanted the worship of only one god. Changed name to Akenaton Aton – symbol was the sun disk. Akenaton Gave up defense of empire in order to worship. Should Pharaoh be “Twin” Head? King Tut was his son-in-law Tutankhaton Tutankhamon What did this signify? The New Kingdom, cont. Decline in power. Struggle w/the Hittites. • Under the leadership of Ramses II. • Was last great leader in Egypt. • 1st treaty in history ends the struggle. Power declined following Ramses • Defeated by Assyrians & Persians. • Alex the Great occupies the Nile, 331 B.C. • Cleopatra last Pharaoh, defeated by the Romans Egyptian Society Social Classes Ruling Class – Priests, nobles, etc. • Daily sacrifices to gods, cast spells to make land fertile, and recited prayers to reach the souls of the dead to help reach afterlife. Middle Class – Merchants, traders, doctors, and artisans. Peasants/Slaves – Hard life of farming. Born into social class. • Exception = Scribe Women in Egypt Role of wife and mother Highly respected and held great value. Had the right to buy and sell property and to testify in court. Had right to seek divorce. Property was inherited through female line. Education Originally provided to teach priesthood. Most that attended were sons of the wealthy. Evolves into a general education of reading, writing, & arithmetic. Higher Education established. Astronomy – Dealt with prediction Education, cont. Students learned by dictation. After students completed studies, they either learned a trade or were apprenticed as scribes, or clerks, to priests or govt. officials. Scribes Essential to government. Kept records of taxes and expenses. Kept records of Pharaohs deeds. Kept track of daily life, births, deaths, and marriages. May be appointed to be a noble by being a scribe for a Pharaoh. Scientific Accomplishments Geometry Volume and Area Calendar – 365 days – 3 Seasons Planting, Flooding, Harvesting Rock Breaking Medicine Broken Bones and Spinal Injuries Suez Canal Nile River Nile River Valley