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7th Grade Science - Chapter 3 Notes Organic Compound - a chemical compound that contains carbon atoms usually bonded to at least one hydrogen atom. Valence Electrons - electrons in the outer most energy level of an atom. A carbon atom has four valence electrons; it wants eight. It will bond with other elements, like hydrogen, and share electrons until it gets to eight. A Covalent bond is a bond between atoms in a molecule of a compound where atoms share electrons to become stable. Carbon can have many forms: graphite, diamond, amorphous (rock), fullerene (cage-like) Hydrocarbons - compounds that ONLY contain hydrogen & carbon. Ex: methane, propane Isomer - compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements. Ex: butane, isobutene, cyclobutane. All are C4H10 Saturated Hydrocarbon - a hydrocarbon that contains only single bonds Unsaturated Hydrocarbon - a hydrocarbon that contains one or more double or triple bonds. ***Know how to name Hydrocarbons! Pages 92-93 Substituted Hydrocarbon - an organic compound in which a carbon atom is bonded to an atom, or group of atoms, other than hydrogen. Functional Group - is an atom or group of atoms that determine the function and properties of a compound Hydroxyl Group - contains two atoms - oxygen & hydrogen. Its formula is -OH Halide Group - contains group 17 halogens: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine Carboxyl Group - consists of a carbon atom with a single bond to a hydroxyl group and a double bond to an oxygen atom. Its formula is -COOH Amino Group - consists of a nitrogen atom covalently bonded to two hydrogen atoms. Its formula is -NH2 Shapes of Molecules Tetrahedral - pyramid shape Planar - on the same plane Linear - forms a straight line Polymer - a molecule made up of many of the same small organic molecules covalently bonded together, forming a long chain Monomer - is one of the small organic molecules that make up the long chain of a polymer Polymerization - a process where many synthetic polymers are made from simple hydrocarbons Biological Molecule - a large organic molecule in any living organism There are 20 different amino acids that can link and form proteins. Your body can make 11 of them. The rest you get from food. Enzyme - a special kind of protein that helps chemical reactions occur faster. Carbohydrates - a group of organic molecules that include sugars, starches, and cellulose. Nucleic Acid - a biological polymer that stores and transmit genetic information DNA - a spiral-shaped, double-stranded nucleic acid RNA - a single-stranded nucleic acid Lipids - a type of biological molecule that includes fats, oils, hormones, waxes, and components of cellular membranes