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How Do We Learn and Remember? Some Basic Principles from Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience 1 Memory Processes kairos = chronos? 2 Memory Processes • Encoding the processing of information into the memory system • Storage the retention of encoded information over time • Retrieval the process of getting information out of memory 3 Memory Stages Sensory Memory ◦ the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system Short Term Memory / Working Memory ◦ activated memory that holds a few items briefly for processing; reverberating net ◦ capacity: about 7 items; duration: 30 sec. Long Term Memory ◦ the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system ◦ chemical change in neural synapses (LTP) 4 Simplified Memory Model Sensory input Attention to important or novel information Encoding External events Sensory memory Encoding Short-term memory Retrieving Long-term memory 5 Decay of Short-Term Memory Percentage who recalled consonants 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 Time in seconds between presentation of contestants and recall request (no rehearsal allowed) 6 Memory and the Brain cerebellum 7 Long-Term Memory Systems Types of long-term memories Explicit (declarative) With conscious recall Facts-general knowledge (“semantic memory”) Personally experienced events (“episodic memory”) Implicit (nondeclarative) Without conscious recall Skills-motor and cognitive Dispositionsclassical and operant conditioning effects 8 LTM and the Hippocampus MRI scan with hippocampus in red cerebellum 9 Encoding Failure SELECTIVE ATTENTION distractions pull attention toward irrelevant info information overload overwhelms capacity of STM 10 Encoding Failure SELECTIVE ATTENTION 11 Encoding Tips ORGANIZE • chunking -- organizing information into familiar, manageable units • hierarchies -- arrange info logically in categories and subcategories • acronyms • Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior 12 Encoding Tips • Example: 1776149218121941 13 Encoding Tips Encoding (automatic or effortful) Meaning (semantic Encoding) Imagery (visual Encoding) Chunks Organization Hierarchies 14 Retrieval Failure INTERFERENCE • proactive interference -- prior learning disrupts memory for new info “forward-acting” study Greek; study Hebrew; test Hebrew • retroactive interference -- learning new info disrupts old memories “backward-acting” study Greek; study Hebrew; test Greek 15 Serial Position Effect Percentage of words recalled 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Position of word in list 10 11 12 16 Memory Quiz Listen carefully to these 12 items •Don’t write them down as you hear them! •When the list is finished, try to recall as many as you can, in any order, and then write them down 17 Memory Quiz rest tired awake dream snore bed eat slumber sound comfort wake night Context errors can generate false memories! 18