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Transcript
Chapter 5 Lesson 1 Notes: The Gift of the Nile Geography of Ancient Egypt The Longest River • The ______________ River is 4,160 miles long - is the world’s longest river - begins near equator in Africa - flows north to Mediterranean Sea • South has __________________ which are waterfalls • A __________________ is an area near river’s mouth - Water leaves _______________ which is fine soil • Heavy rains flooded Nile every summer - Soil left on shores was ___________________ and was good for growing crops Red Land, Black Land • Ancient ______________________ lived in narrow land on sides of Nile - called this region the ____________________ land because of fertile soil - _____________________ land was desert beyond fertile region • _________________ months of year were sunny, hot - four months of winter were sunny, cooler • ______________ inch of rain a year in most of region Isolation • Desert acted as barrier to ________________________ • Sea coast was _____________________ with no good harbors • Early Egyptians stayed close to home Page 1 Land of Plenty Agricultural Techniques • Egyptians watched for ____________________ to determine flood, planting seasons • By about ________________ B.C., farmers used technology to expand farmland - dug ___________________ canals to carry water to dry areas - Used ______________________ - bucket on a lever - to spread water across fields Egyptian Crops • Grew vegetables, fruits; were the first to grind wheat into ________________ - mixed flour with yeast and water to make _______________________ • Wove flax plant fibers into linen which is a lightweight cloth - wore clothing made from linen Egyptian Houses • Houses were built with bricks of mixed _________________ and straw - Narrow windows, white walls reduced sunlight, heat - Sticks, palm trees woven into roof; reed mats covered floor • _________________________ had fancy homes, courtyards, pools • Poor people cooled off on roof; cooked, ate, slept outside Geography Shapes Egyptian Life Mining • ____________________ was used for tools, weapons as early as 6000 B.C. - Egyptians later sought iron, which was stronger than copper • Africa’s richest gold mines were located in the __________________ Nile in an area called Nubia • Mining minerals was difficult in the hot _________________ Peninsula east of Egypt - Chipped rock to get at hidden mountain veins Page 2 • Mined precious stones such as __________________________, lapis lazuli Fishing and Hunting • Reed rafts were used for river travel; caught _______________ with nets and harpoons • Some hunters speared hippopotamuses and ___________________ • Hunted quail and duck with nets and ________________________ Transportation and Trade • Later used sails to let wind carry boats south on Nile - When following current north, used oars, paddles for speed • Began to ____________________ or trade goods with no exchange of money Page 3 Chapter 5 Lesson 2 Notes: Life in Ancient Egypt Work and Family Life Specialized Jobs • Food ____________________ let people do jobs other than farm • _____________________ wrote and kept records • Some artisans built stone and brick houses and _____________________ - Others made pottery, furniture, clothing, jewelry • Some Egyptians ________________ with other Africans on upper Nile - scrolls, linen, gold, jewelry traded for woods, skins, animals Rulers and Priests • Government divided empire into 42 provinces, created army • ______________ was one of highest jobs—performed rituals, cared for temples • Together priests and the ruler held ceremonies to please the ______________ - believed if gods happy, Nile would _________________, crops would grow Slaves • Slaves were at _________________ of society but generally treated well - except slaves working in mines, who often ________________ from labor • People enslaved if had ______________, committed crime, were captured in war - usually ________________ after time Life for Women • Women had almost ________________ rights, could own property • Most cared for children, home; others wove cloth, worked in fields - some rose to ________________________ positions Childhood • Children had ____________, board games, marbles; played ball games • Children of wealthy went to _______________; most learned parents’ jobs - almost all married in their early _________________ Page 4 Considered a ________ by the people Cared for the ___________ and held ceremonies to keep the Trained in the art gods happy of ___________ and record keeping __________________ The bottom two tiers made up the largest segment of the population. Page 5 Expanding Knowledge Astronomy • Priests studied world to find ways to please gods - Some advances came from practical discoveries • Priests studied __________ for religious reasons • Used __________-day cycle of star to create first practical _________________ - Star used now called Sirius Geometry • Surveyors used knotted ____________ to mark boundaries washed out by floods • Geometric shapes were sacred, used in design of _______________, monuments Medicine • Doctors prepared bodies for ___________________, knew body parts - performed some of first ___________________ - Some specialized in herbal medicines • Believed that ____________ controlled thought, _____________ circulated blood Hieroglyphs • Hieroglyphs—____________________ that stand for different words, sounds • In use from 3000 B.C., writing system started with 700 characters - grew to include over 6,000 symbols • ____________________—paper-like material from papyrus reed - pressed, rolled into scrolls; light, easy to carry - used to create some of the first _______________ Beliefs and Religion Life After Death • Egyptians along the Nile had ___________________ view of life - Nile’s _________________ land provided for most of their needs • Egyptians believed gods favored them, believed in happy afterlife - Afterlife—life believed to follow __________________ • Other cultures, such as ___________________, thought afterlife was miserable Page 6 Many Gods • _______________________—belief in many gods • Egyptian gods included those of afterlife, nature - ___________ was sun god, later called Amon-Re - __________________ was a god who judged Egyptians after death - _________________ was a fertility goddess, Osiris’ wife - ________________ was a god of the dead Making Mummies • Dead bodies __________________ so people would have their bodies in afterlife - embalm—to preserve a body after death • Removed all organs but ________________, filled body with salt, herbs - created mummy—a body dried so it won’t ________________ • Dried body wrapped in ________________ strips; process took about 70 days • Put in coffin in tomb with every day __________________ for use in afterlife (You will insert a page here later on about Egyptian Afterlife) Page 7 Famous Places in Egypt (Part 2 of Lesson 2 Notes) 1. Step Pyramid of Djoser (Zoser) __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Page 8 2. The Pyramids of Giza __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Page 9 3. The Great Sphinx of Giza __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Page 10 4. The Temple of Hatshepsut __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Page 11 5. Temple of Ramses II __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Page 12 6. Tomb of King Tutankhamen __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Page 13 Chapter 5 Lesson 3 Notes - The Pyramid Builders The Old Kingdom The First Dynasty • Legend says a king, Narmer, united _______________________ and _________________ Egypt - Some historians believe several rulers united Egypt • Ruler of united Egypt wore the _________________________ crown • First dynasty—line of rulers from same family—about 2925 B.C. • When a king died, he was usually replaced by one of his _____________________ - _________________________—order in which royal family members inherit a throne • Historians divided dynasties into Old, _____________________, and New kingdoms - Old Kingdom began around 2575 B.C. as empire gained strength Pharaohs Rule • King of Egypt became known as pharaoh, which means “_____________________” - The pharaoh ruled from capital city of _______________________________ • Egyptians believed pharaoh was a god, blamed him for hard times - in such times, a rival might replace pharaoh, start new dynasty • Since pharaoh seen as god, government and religion not separate - priests had much power, were often high officials in _________________________ Page 14 Khufu’s Great Pyramid Early Pyramids • First rulers were buried in _______________________ tombs, topped with bricks • Later the tombs were replaced bricks with small _____________________ - pyramid is a triangle-shaped structure with four sides that meet at a point • King ________________________ built larger pyramid over his tomb around 2630 B.C. - it was called a ___________________ pyramid because the sides rise in series of big steps - it is the oldest-known large stone structure in world The Great Pyramid • 80 years later, pharaoh ____________________ wanted to show world his greatness - he ordered construction of largest pyramid ever, with 760-foot sides - 2.3 million stone blocks cut, pulled up _________________, dragged into place • Farmers worked during Nile’s flood season, others worked all year • Took an estimated ________________________ people almost 20 years to build - city of ______________________ was built for the workers who were building the Great Pyramid Grave Robbers • Egyptians later stopped building pyramids, in part due to robbery - grave robbers often stole the tombs’ treasures, even the ____________________ • Egyptians believed robbery kept the buried from a ___________________ afterlife • Pharaohs built secret tombs in the _____________________________________ Page 15 - built during ________________________ Kingdom to protect treasures, bodies - burial chambers were hidden in mountains near Nile Inside the Tombs • Several passageways led to different rooms to confuse robbers - ________________________ and other relatives were sometimes buried in other rooms of the pyramids • Tomb was palace of pharaoh’s ___________________. It was filled with food and furniture and other things they would need during their afterlife • Wall paintings and _________________________glorified the dead person, the gods - the paintings showed head, arms, legs from side, and body from front - showed pharaohs enjoying themselves and sometimes fighting battles Middle Kingdom Invasions • By _____________________ B.C., kings began to lose power to local province rulers - weak central government held Egypt together for 500 more years - this period known as the _______________________ Kingdom • Nomadic Hyksos invaded from northeast with ________________________and better weapons - after 100 years, Egyptians drove out ____________________, began New Kingdom Page 16 Chapter 5 Lesson 4 - The New Kingdom A Woman Pharaoh Taking Power • Powerful New Kingdom rulers set up the new capital at _____________________ • Queen ________________________ was the first woman pharaoh. She was the wife of pharaoh who died and she ruled with her stepson __________________________; -She became the sole ruler in ______________ B.C. Trade Grows • Hatshepsut expanded Egypt through ______________________ as well as war • Brought Egypt riches with trade expeditions. Her biggest expedition crossed the desert to the _______________________ where large ships sailed south to an African land called _____________________. Hatshepsut’s Monuments • She built ________________________ which were four-sided shafts with pyramid-shaped tops -All of them were carved from red granite; hieroglyphs describe her deeds on them Mysterious End • Hatshepsut ruled for 15 years, then mysteriously _____________________________ - may have died peacefully or been killed by ______________________________ • Thutmose became pharaoh, tried to destroy all records of Hatshepsut - Archaeologists restored her damaged temple and tomb Page 17 A Reforming Pharaoh A New Belief • ___________________________________ became pharaoh in 1353 B.C. • Raised sun god _________________ to highest status, closed other gods’ temples - For first time in Egypt’s history, Egyptians worshiped ______________ god • Priests serving other gods lost power, became ___________________ - To avoid conflict, Akhenaton moved capital 200 miles away to a city called ________________________________ Realistic Art • Under Akhenaton, art showed realistic pharaohs, not “perfect” Reform Ends • Akhenaton’s new religion didn’t last long after his death • Three years later, young ________________________ became pharaoh in 1333 B.C. - The young king had _____________________ to help him rule Egypt who convinced him to reject new religion and worship the old gods A Powerful Pharaoh _______________________________ • _________________________ ruled in 1279 B.C., 44 years after Tutankhamen died • Also called ______________________________________________ Empire Builder • Wanted to make Egypt powerful through war - extended territory south into _________________________ and to eastern Mediterranean Page 18 Military Leader • Ramses led army against old Egyptian enemies, the ________________________ - Nobody won battle, but Ramses claimed victory - negotiated first-known peace treaty with Hittites Ramses’ Reign • Built city called ___________________________ with four 66-foot statues of himself - wanted to appear godlike • Reigned until age ________________, 1213 B.C. - 66-year reign was among history’s longest, stabilized government • Reign was time of __________________—no enemies after Hittite treaty • Nile flooding was predictable during reign, crops were plentiful Egypt’s Decline • Following Ramses’ death, the central government weakened • After about 1070 B.C., a series of foreign powers ruled Egypt • _______________________________________of Macedonia conquered Egypt - ______________________________ ruled after Alexander’s death - Last Macedonian ruler was queen _______________________________ • Eventually Roman Empire conquered Egypt Page 19