Download Unit 1 Review

Unit 1 Review
Matching
Match each item with the correct statement.
a. sociological imagination
b. sociological perspective
c. symbol
d. latent function
e. theory
f. dysfunctional
g. function
h. ideal type
i. social Darwinism
j. economics
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history
psychology
anthropology
social phenomena
political science
functionalist perspective
manifest function
Verstehen
social psychology
theoretical perspectives
A description comprised of the essential characteristics of a feature of society.
Containing a negative consequence for the stability of the social system.
The comparative study of past and present cultures.
The ability to see the connection between the larger world and your personal life.
The study of the choices people make in an effort to satisfy their needs and wants.
Anything that represents something else.
The unintended and unrecognized consequence of an element of society.
Observable facts or events that involve human society.
The study of how the social environment affects an individual’s behavior and personality.
The view of society as a set of interrelated parts that work together to produce a stable social system.
A general set of assumptions about the nature of things.
An explanation of the relationships among particular phenomena.
The study of past events.
A viewing of the behavior of groups in a systematic way.
Perspective that holds that societies evolve toward stability and perfection.
The social science that deals with the behavior and thinking of organisms.
The intended and recognized consequence of some element of society.
Principle that involves an attempt to understand the meanings individuals attach to their actions.
Match each item with the correct statement.
a. culture
b. values
c. folkways
d. cultural universals
e. cultural relativism
f. subculture
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society
norms
mores
Margaret Mead
George Murdock
language
The organization of written or spoken symbols into a standardized system.
Shared beliefs about what is good or bad, right or wrong, desirable or undesirable.
A group that shares values, norms, and behaviors that are not shared by the entire population.
A group of interdependent people who have organized in such a way as to share a common culture and feeling
of unity.
____ 23. The shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situations.
____ 24. Norms that describe socially acceptable behavior but do not have great moral significance attached to them.
____ 25. The belief that cultures should be judged by their own standards rather than by applying the standards of
another culture.
Match each item with the correct statement.
a. ideology
b. social movement
c. technology
d. diffusion
e. reformulation
f. cultural lag
g. internalization
h. Robin M. Williams
i. positive sanction
j. negative sanction
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formal sanction
informal sanction
social control
self-fulfillment
narcissism
ethnocentrism
vested interests
Christopher Lasch
sanctions
James M. Henslin
____ 26. A spontaneous expression of approval or disapproval given by an individual or a group.
____ 27. A long-term conscious effort to promote or prevent social change.
____ 28. Situation in which some aspects of the culture change less rapidly, or lag behind, other aspects of the same
culture.
____ 29. A system of beliefs or ideas that justifies the social, moral, religious, political, or economic interests held by a
group or by society.
____ 30. The process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual’s personality, thus conditioning that individual
to conform to society’s expectations.
____ 31. A sociologist who identified a set of 15 values that are central to the American way of life.
____ 32. The knowledge and tools that people use to manipulate their environment.
____ 33. An action that rewards a particular kind of behavior.
____ 34. The process of adapting borrowed cultural traits.
____ 35. A punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformity.
____ 36. Extreme self-centeredness.
____ 37. A resistance to any change that threatens a person’s security or standard of living.
____ 38. Sociologist that suggested that values such as education might be considered core values.
Match each item with the correct statement.
a. social structure
b. status
c. role
d. exchange
e. group
f. primary group
g. secondary group
h. formal organization
i. bureaucracy
j. iron law of oligarchy
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voluntary association
triad
out-group
expressive leaders
e-community
organic solidarity
exchange theory
competition
master status
role strain
A three-person group.
A small group of people who interact over a relatively long period of time on a direct and personal basis.
The network of interrelated statuses and roles that guide human interaction.
A group in which interaction is impersonal and temporary in nature.
A large, complex secondary group that has been established to achieve specific goals.
____ 44. A ranked authority structure that operates according to specific rules and procedures.
____ 45. Interaction undertaken in an effort to receive a reward or a return for their actions.
____ 46. A set of people who interact on the basis of shared expectations and who possess some degree of common
identity.
____ 47. The tendency of organizations to become increasingly dominated by small groups of people.
____ 48. A place where people interact with one another regularly on the Internet.
____ 49. Theory that holds that people are motivated by self-interests in their interactions with other people.
____ 50. The impersonal social relationships that arise with increased job specialization, in which individuals can no
longer provide for all of their own needs.
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 51. The ability to see the connection between the larger world and your personal life is what sociologist C.
Wright Mills called
a. the sociological perspective.
c. social interaction.
b. the sociological imagination.
d. social psychology.
____ 52. People who focus on the forces in society that promote competition and change employ the
a. conflict perspective.
c. interactionist perspective.
b. functionalist perspective.
d. dysfunctionalist perspective.
____ 53. The phrase “survival of the fittest,” or the belief that the best aspects of society would survive over time, was
coined by
a. Auguste Comte.
c. Karl Marx.
b. Max Weber.
d. Herbert Spencer.
____ 54. An intended and recognized consequence of some element of society is a
a. latent function.
c. manifest function.
b. dysfunction.
d. theory.
____ 55. The social science that studies human society and social behavior is
a. sociology.
c. anthropology.
b. psychology.
d. political science.
____ 56. The social science that deals with the behavior and thinking of organisms is
a. sociology.
c. anthropology.
b. psychology.
d. political science.
____ 57. The study of the choices people make in an effort to satisfy their needs and wants is
a. political science.
c. history.
b. social psychology.
d. economics.
____ 58. An interactionist perspective
a. focuses on how individuals interact with one another in society.
b. focuses on how people use symbols when interacting.
c. focuses on the forces in society that promote competition and change.
d. focuses on how society explains relationships.
____ 59. Who was not considered to be one of the most influential early sociologists?
a. Karl Marx
c. Jane Addams
b. Herbert Spencer
d. Max Weber
____ 60. Herbert Spencer was strongly influenced by the views of ____, an evolutionist from the 1800s.
a. Auguste Comte
c. Charles Darwin
b. Karl Marx
d. Max Weber
____ 61. A function is
____ 62.
____ 63.
____ 64.
____ 65.
____ 66.
____ 67.
____ 68.
____ 69.
____ 70.
____ 71.
a. the consequence that an element of society produces for the maintenance of its social
system.
b. the negative consequence an element has for the stability of the social system.
c. the intended and recognized consequence of some element of society.
d. an explanation of the relationships among particular phenomena.
Social sciences are
a. the observable facts or events that involve human society.
b. how people relate to one another and influence each other’s behavior.
c. the hidden meanings behind human actions.
d. the disciplines that study human social behavior or institutions and functions of human
society in a scientific manner.
Émile Durkheim
a. developed the theory of social Darwinism.
b. was one of the first sociologists to systematically apply the methods of science to the
study of society.
c. divided society into two classes—the bourgeoisie and the proletariat.
d. did all of the above.
Who coined the term sociology to describe the study of society?
a. Auguste Comte
c. Herbert Spencer
b. Karl Marx
d. Émile Durkheim
Which of the following does not describe the bourgeoisie?
a. capitalists
c. workers
b. own the means of production
d. a class of society
Symbolic interaction is
a. the process of focusing on how people use symbols when interacting.
b. part of the interactionist perspective.
c. both a and b.
d. neither a nor b.
Social psychology is
a. the study of past events.
b. the study of anything that represents something else.
c. an unintended and unrecognized consequence of an element of society.
d. the study of how the social environment affects an individual’s behavior and personality.
Political science is
a. the study of the choices people make in an effort to satisfy their needs and wants.
b. the examination of the organization and operation of governments.
c. the study of past events.
d. the study of how the social environment affects an individual’s behavior and personality.
Functionalists view certain elements in society as ____, representing the negative consequences that elements
have for the stability of the social system.
a. manifest functions
c. dysfunctional
b. latent functions
d. functional
A theory is
a. an explanation of the relationships among particular phenomena.
b. an intended and recognized consequence of some element of society.
c. a description comprised of the essential characteristics of a feature of society.
d. the meanings that individuals attach to their actions.
By adopting a ____, you can look beyond commonly held beliefs to the hidden meanings behind human
actions.
____ 72.
____ 73.
____ 74.
____ 75.
____ 76.
____ 77.
____ 78.
____ 79.
____ 80.
____ 81.
____ 82.
____ 83.
a. sociological imagination
c. sociological perspective
b. social phenomena
d. social psychology
People who view society as a set of interrelated parts that work together to produce a stable social system are
said to employ the
a. manifest function.
c. interactionist perspective.
b. theoretical perspective.
d. functionalist perspective.
The physical objects that people create and use form a group’s
a. nonmaterial culture.
c. language.
b. material culture.
d. values.
The tendency to view one’s own culture and group as superior is called
a. a subculture.
c. cultural relativism.
b. cultural universals.
d. ethnocentrism.
Sociologists distinguish between these two types of norms:
a. folkways and mores.
c. laws and mores.
b. folkways and culture traits.
d. culture traits and mores.
A group of interdependent people who have organized in such a way as to share a common culture and feeling
of unity is a
a. society.
c. material culture.
b. more.
d. cultural universal.
All of the following are examples of a subculture except
a. San Francisco’s Chinatown.
c. the Navajo of the Southwest.
b. Miami’s Little Havana.
d. none of the above
Norms that exist in our society include
a. financial responsibility.
c. not paying bills.
b. restrictions against campfires.
d. not killing a human being.
Folkways include all of the following except
a. murder.
b. not putting food in your mouth with a knife.
c. shaking hands when you are introduced to someone.
d. getting to class on time.
The game of basketball is considered
a. a culture pattern.
c. both a and b
b. a culture complex.
d. neither a nor b
____ help(s) sociologists and anthropologists understand practices that seem strange or different from those of
their own culture.
a. Ethnocentrism
c. Cultural universals
b. Cultural relativism
d. Values
A negative sanction is
a. a punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformity.
b. a reward or punishment given by a formal organization or regulatory agency.
c. the main source of social change.
d. a value.
Someone is said to have a vested interest if
a. what happens will not have any impact on their lives.
b. their family or loved ones will not be affected by an event or situation.
c. they understand an event or situation completely.
d. they resist any change that threatens their security or standard of living.
____ 84. A system of beliefs or ideas that justifies the social, moral, religious, political, or economic interests held by a
group or by society is
a. a social movement.
c. an ideology.
b. a cultural lag.
d. a vested interest.
____ 85. Social control is
a. the enforcing of norms through either internal or external means.
b. an informal sanction.
c. a negative sanction.
d. internalization.
____ 86. Internalization is
a. an action that rewards a particular kind of behavior.
b. the process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual’s personality, thus
conditioning that individual to conform to society’s expectations.
c. extreme self-centeredness.
d. a punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformity.
____ 87. ____ is the knowledge and tools that people use to manipulate their environment.
a. Ethnocentrism
c. Diffusion
b. Technology
d. Reformulation
____ 88. ____ one of the reasons that people resist cultural change.
a. Ethnocentrism is
c. Vested interests are
b. Cultural lag is
d. a, b, and c
____ 89. Some people are motivated by ____, rewards or punishments used to enforce conformity to norms.
a. internalization
c. narcissism
b. sanctions
d. self-fulfillment
____ 90. Urbanization is
a. the construction of tall buildings.
b. a reduction in the population.
c. the concentration of the population in rural areas.
d. the concentration of the population in cities.
____ 91. A state of balance between cooperation and conflict is
a. exchange.
c. accommodation.
b. social network.
d. a bureaucracy.
____ 92. Reciprocity is
a. when two or more people or groups oppose each other to achieve a goal that only one can
attain.
b. the idea that if you do something for someone then that person owes you something in
return.
c. the deliberate attempt to control a person by force.
d. the state of balance between conflict and cooperation.
____ 93. Statuses and their related roles determine the structure of the various groups in society. When these statuses
and roles are organized to satisfy one or more of the basic needs of society, the group is called a(n)
a. pastoral society.
c. preindustrial society.
b. social institution.
d. agricultural society.
____ 94. When people interact in an effort to receive a reward or a return for their actions, a(n) ____ has taken place.
a. exchange
c. barter
b. division of labor
d. both b and c
____ 95. Which of the following are examples of achieved statuses?
a. basketball player
c. musician
b. actor
d. all of the above
____ 96. One status tends to take rank above all others. This status that plays the greatest role in shaping a person’s life
and determining his or her social identity is called a(n)
a. achieved status.
c. master status.
b. ascribed status.
d. neither a nor c
____ 97. The socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a role are called
a. role performances.
c. role strains.
b. reciprocal roles.
d. role expectations.
____ 98. When people gather in the same place at the same time but lack organization or lasting patterns of interaction,
they form a(n)
a. primary group.
c. both a and b
b. aggregate.
d. neither a nor b
____ 99. A ____ is simply a means of classifying people according to a shared trait or a common status.
a. barter
c. division of labor
b. social category
d. pastoral society
____ 100. A ____ is the way society uses technology to provide for the needs of its members.
a. dyad
c. secondary group
b. social category
d. subsistence strategy
Short Answer
101. What was the phrase that was coined by Herbert Spencer to describe only the fittest societies surviving over
time, thus upgrading the world as a whole?
102. Karl Marx believed that society is divided into what two classes?
103. Does the bourgeoisie or the proletariat represent workers?
104. What is an interactionist perspective?
105. What social science, which deals with the behavior and thinking of organisms, differs from sociology
primarily in that it focuses on individual behavior rather than on group behavior?
106. What is the difference between a manifest function and a latent function?
107. What is the difference between anthropology and sociology?
108. What is the difference between material culture and nonmaterial culture?
109. What are culture traits?
110. What is ethnocentrism?
111. Explain cultural relativism.
112. What is the difference between a subculture and a counterculture?
113. How is society different from culture?
114. Why did George Murdock examine hundreds of different cultures in the 1940s?
115. What are the three levels of culture?
116. What are laws?
117. How is the use of symbols related to culture?
118. What causes variation within societies?
119. How do cultural traits, cultural complexes, and cultural patterns differ?
120. What is technology and why is it one of the basic components of all cultures?
121. What are values?
122. Where did Margaret Mead live in the 1930s to conduct her study of cultural variation?
123. What is cultural discontinuity?
124. List three examples of material culture.
125. What are new values in the United States that might be grouped under the term self fulfillment, a commitment
to the full development of one’s personality, talents, and potential?
126. Freedom is an important value for most Americans. What freedoms do most Americans seem to value the
most?
127. Explain narcissism.
128. What are the different types of sanctions?
129. What is reformulation?
130. What are two ways that new technologies arise?
131. Explain vested interests.
132. What are the basic values that Robin M. Williams identified as being central to the American way of life?
133. What is considered the severest sanction?
134. What is social control?
135. What are six factors that stimulate social change?
136. How can natural disasters produce social and cultural change?
137. Explain how wars and conquests affect social change.
138. Into what three broad categories do sociologists place societies?
139. Cooperation is a social process that gets things done. What is cooperation?
140. Leaders are people who influence the attitudes and opinions of others. What are the two categories that
studies suggest that leaders fall into?
141. What are the characteristics of bureaucracies according to sociologist Max Weber’s theoretical model?
142. What is the difference between an in-group and an out-group?
143. What is a pastoral society?
144. What are five of the most common forms of social interaction that take place in societies throughout the
world?
145. What is division of labor?
146. What is a role expectation?
147. What are reciprocal roles?
148. What is a master status?
149. What is a role set?
150. What is the Peter Principle?
Unit 1 Review
Answer Section
MATCHING
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SHORT ANSWER
101. ANS:
“survival of the fittest”
PTS: 1
102. ANS:
the bourgeoisie and the proletariat
PTS: 1
103. ANS:
the proletariat
PTS: 1
104. ANS:
a focus on how individuals interact with one another in society
PTS: 1
105. ANS:
psychology
PTS: 1
106. ANS:
A manifest function is the intended and recognized consequence of some element of society. For example, a
manifest function of the automobile is to provide speedy transportation from one location to another. A latent
function is the unintended and unrecognized consequence of an element of society. A latent function of the
automobile is to gain social standing through the display of wealth.
PTS: 1
107. ANS:
Anthropology, the comparative study of past and present cultures, is most similar to sociology in its subject
matter. Anthropologists have traditionally concentrated on examining past cultures and less advanced
societies. Sociology is different from anthropology in that it is interested in group behavior in more advanced
societies.
PTS: 1
108. ANS:
The physical objects that people create and use form a group’s material culture, such as automobiles and
computers. Abstract human creations form a group’s nonmaterial culture, such as beliefs, rules, and family
patterns.
PTS: 1
109. ANS:
The culture trait is the simplest level of culture. A culture trait is an individual tool, act, or belief that is
related to a particular situation or need. For example, using knives, forks, and spoons when eating is a culture
trait.
PTS: 1
110. ANS:
Ethnocentrism is the tendency to view one’s own culture and group as superior.
PTS: 1
111. ANS:
In order to keep an open mind toward cultural variations, social scientists adopt an attitude of cultural
relativism. This is the belief that cultures should be judged by their own standards rather than by applying the
standards of another culture. Cultural relativism helps sociologists and anthropologists understand practices
that seem strange or different from those of their own culture.
PTS: 1
112. ANS:
Culture is a collection of traits, complexes, and patterns that are distinct from those of other societies. In
addition to these broad cultural features some groups in society share values, norms, and behaviors that are
not shared by the entire population. The unique cultural characteristics of these groups form a subculture.
Sometimes subcultural practices are consciously intended to challenge the values of the larger society. At
times a group rejects the major values, norms, and practices of the larger society and replaces them with a
new set of cultural patterns. Sociologists call the resulting subculture a counterculture.
PTS: 1
113. ANS:
A society is a group of interdependent people who have organized in such a way as to share a common culture
and feeling of unity. Society consists of people, and culture consists of the material and nonmaterial products
that people create.
PTS: 1
114. ANS:
George Murdock examined hundreds of different cultures in an attempt to determine what general traits are
common to all cultures. He used his research to compile a list of more than 65 cultural universals, including
cooking, dancing, and music.
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115. ANS:
The features of a culture can be divided into three levels of complexity: traits, complexes, and patterns.
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116. ANS:
Societies have established punishments for violating mores in order to protect the social well-being. These
serious mores are formalized as laws. Laws are the written rules of conduct enacted and enforced by the
government. Most laws enforce mores essential to social stability, such as those against murder and rape.
Laws, however, may also enforce less severe folkways, such as not parking in spaces reserved for drivers with
disabilities.
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117. ANS:
The use of symbols is the very basis of human culture. It is through symbols that we create our culture and
communicate it to group members and future generations. Although specific examples vary from culture to
culture, all cultures communicate symbolically.
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118. ANS:
Among the major sources of variation within a society are the unique cultural practices of various subgroups.
For example, in addition to the broad cultural features that are shared by Americans, some groups in the
American society share values, norms, and behaviors that are not shared by the entire population. The unique
cultural characteristics of these groups form a subculture. In some instances, subcultural practices are
consciously intended to challenge the values of the larger society. Sometimes a group rejects the major
values, norms, and practices of the larger society and replaces them with a new set of cultural patterns.
Sociologists call the resulting subculture a counterculture.
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119. ANS:
A culture trait is an individual tool, act, or belief that is related to a particular situation or need, such as using
a specific greeting when meeting someone. Individual culture traits combine to form the next level—culture
complexes. A culture complex is a cluster of interrelated traits. The game of football is a culture complex that
involves a variety of traits. Culture complexes combine to form larger levels called culture patterns. A culture
pattern is the combination of a number of culture complexes into an interrelated whole. For example, the
separate complexes of baseball, basketball, and other sports combine to form the American athletic pattern.
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120. ANS:
A society’s culture consists of not only physical objects but also the rules for using those objects. Sociologists
sometimes refer to this combination of objects and rules as technology.
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121. ANS:
Values are shared beliefs about what is good or bad, right or wrong, desirable or undesirable. The types of
values held by a group help to determine the character of its people and the kinds of material and nonmaterial
culture they create.
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122. ANS:
New Guinea
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123. ANS:
Members of subgroups tend to have little problem living within the predominant culture of society. However,
some subgroup members find that the values, beliefs, and practices of the larger culture are at odds with those
of their subculture. This clash of cultures results in a situation that sociologists call cultural discontinuity.
Subgroup members are forced to choose between their subculture and the predominant culture.
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124. ANS:
Students’ responses might include automobiles, books, buildings, clothing, computers, or cooking utensils.
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125. ANS:
leisure, physical fitness, and youthfulness
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126. ANS:
Americans particularly value personal freedoms of choice such as the freedom of religion, speech, and press,
which are guaranteed in the U.S. Constitution.
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127. ANS:
Social historian Christopher Lasch considered the emphasis on personal fulfillment a personality disorder. He
termed this disorder narcissism, which means extreme self-centeredness.
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128. ANS:
positive sanctions, negative sanctions, formal sanctions, and informal sanctions
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129. ANS:
Societies often adapt the culture traits they borrow to suit their own particular needs. For example, many of
the societies in Africa, Asia, and South America that have adopted Christianity have blended Christian beliefs
with elements of their traditional religions. Sociologists refer to this process of adapting borrowed cultural
traits as reformulation.
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130. ANS:
through discovery and invention
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131. ANS:
A person who is satisfied with the way things are now is likely to resist change. Some individuals feel that the
present, even if somewhat imperfect, is better than an unknown future. They will resist any change that
threatens their security or standard of living. In other words, they have a vested interest to protect.
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132. ANS:
personal achievement, individualism, work, morality and humanitarianism, efficiency and practicality,
progress and material comfort, equality and democracy, freedom, nationalism and patriotism, science and
rationality, and racial and group superiority
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133. ANS:
death
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134. ANS:
Social control is the enforcing of norms through either internal or external means. The principal means of
social control in all societies is self-control, which is learned through the internalization of norms.
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135. ANS:
values and beliefs, technology, population, diffusion, the physical environment, and wars and conquests
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136. ANS:
Natural disasters such as droughts, floods, earthquakes, tornadoes, and tidal waves can also produce social
and cultural change. These disasters can destroy whole communities. Afterward, people often take
precautions for the future. Dams may be built to lessen the effects of floods and droughts. People may also
adopt new construction methods to enable buildings to better withstand earthquakes or tornadoes.
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137. ANS:
Wars and conquests are not as common as other sources of social change. However, they probably bring
about the greatest change in the least amount of time. War causes the loss of many lives. It brings about the
destruction of property and leads to the rise of new cities and towns that must be built to replace those
destroyed. In addition, war causes changes in the economy as industry focuses on producing war materials
rather than consumer goods. For example, after September 11, 2001, some industries contributed to the war
on terrorism by providing military supplies and services. War can also promote advances in technology and
medicine that can have civilian applications. War may also result in changes in government as new rulers
come to power. These changes may contribute to new economic policies and political rights.
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138. ANS:
preindustrial, industrial, and postindustrial
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139. ANS:
Cooperation occurs when two or more people or groups work together to achieve a goal that will benefit more
than one person.
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140. ANS:
instrumental leaders and expressive leaders
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141. ANS:
division of labor, ranking of authority, employment based on formal qualifications, rules and regulations, and
specific lines of promotion and advancement
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142. ANS:
The group that a person belongs to and identifies with is called an in-group. Any group that the person does
not belong to or identify with is called an out-group.
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143. ANS:
Pastoralism is a slightly more efficient form of subsistence. Rather than searching for food on a daily basis,
members of a pastoral society rely on domesticated herd animals to meet their food needs. Pastoralists live a
nomadic life, moving their herds from pasture to pasture. Because their food supply is far more reliable,
pastoral societies can support larger populations.
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144. ANS:
exchange, competition, conflict, cooperation, and accommodation
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145. ANS:
In a pastoral society, because the people in this society live a nomadic life, their food supply is far more
reliable and they can support larger populations. Since there are food surpluses, fewer people are needed to
produce food. As a result, the division of labor becomes more complex. Division of labor is the specialization
by individuals or groups in the performance of specific economic activities. For example, some people
become craftworkers, producing tools, weapons, and jewelry.
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146. ANS:
Ideally, when people interact with one another their behavior corresponds to the particular roles they are
playing. The socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a role are called role
expectations. For example, doctors are expected to treat their patients with skill and care.
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147. ANS:
Most of the roles you perform have reciprocal roles. Reciprocal roles are corresponding roles that define the
patterns of interaction between related statuses. For example, one cannot fulfill the role associated with the
status of husband without having someone else perform the role that goes along with the status of wife.
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148. ANS:
All individuals hold many statuses. For most people, one status tends to take rank above all others. This status
plays the greatest role in shaping a person’s life and determining his or her social identity. This status is called
a master status.
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149. ANS:
Sociologists call the different roles attached to a single status a role set. Each of us, because we hold more
than one status, must deal with many role sets in our daily lives.
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150. ANS:
Professor Laurence J. Peter, in his book The Peter Principle, suggested that employees in a bureaucracy often
are promoted to positions for which they may have little ability. Bureaucracies are able to function, he added,
only because not all officials have been promoted to their “level of incompetence” or promoted beyond their
capabilities.
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