Download Temporal bones

7
The Skeleton
PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations prepared by
Alexander G. Cheroske
Mesa Community College at Red Mountain
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 1: Axial Skeleton
• Learning Outcomes
• 7.1 Identify the bones of the cranium and face, and
identify and locate the cranial sutures.
• 7.2 Explain the significance of the markings and
locations of the anterior and posterior aspects of
the facial and cranial bones.
• 7.3 Explain the significance of the markings and
locations of the lateral and medial aspects of the
facial and cranial bones.
• 7.4 Explain the significance of the markings and
locations of the inferior and interior aspects of the
facial and cranial bones.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 1: Axial Skeleton
• Learning Outcomes
• 7.5 Describe and locate the surface features of
the sphenoid, ethmoid, and palatine bones.
• 7.6 Describe the structure of the orbital
complex and nasal complex and the
functions of their individual bones.
• 7.7 Describe the mandible and the associated
bones of the skull.
• 7.8 Describe key structural differences among
the skulls of infants, children, and adults.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 1: Axial Skeleton
• Learning Outcomes
• 7.9
Identify and describe the curves of the spinal
column and their functions, and identify the
vertebral regions.
• 7.10 Describe the distinctive structural and functional
characteristics of the cervical and thoracic
vertebrae.
• 7.11 Describe the distinctive structural and functional
characteristics of the lumbar vertebrae, sacrum,
and coccyx.
• 7.12 Explain the significance of the articulations
between the thoracic vertebrae and the ribs,
and between the ribs and the sternum.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 1: Axial Skeleton
• Axial skeleton
• Forms longitudinal axis of body
• Includes:
• Skull and associated bones
• Thoracic cage
• Vertebral column
• Various supplemental cartilages
• Typically 80 bones
• ~40% of bones in body
Animation : Whole Skeleton
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 1: Axial Skeleton
• Axial skeleton
• Functions
• Protect (brain, spinal cord, and organs in ventral
cavity)
• Permit limited movement but strong and
reinforced with ligaments
• Provide attachment for muscles that
1. Adjust positions of head, neck, and trunk
2. Perform respiratory movements
3. Stabilize or position parts of appendicular skeleton
that support limbs
Animation: Whole Axial Skeleton
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The bones of the axial skeleton
SKELETAL SYSTEM 206
Cranium 8
Skull
Face
Skull and
associated 29
bones
Associated
bones
Auditory
ossicles 6
Hyoid
AXIAL
80
SKELETON
14
1
Sternum 1
Thoracic
25
cage
APPENDICULAR
126
SKELETON
(see Section 2)
Ribs
Costal
cartilages
(cartilages
of ribs)
24
Intervertebral
discs (cartilage)
Vertebrae 24
Vertebral
column 26
Sacrum
1
Coccyx
1
Figure 7 Section 1
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.1: Skull
• Skull
• 22 bones
• Cranium (8)
• Cranial bones that form the cranial cavity (fluid-filled
chamber that cushions and supports brain)
• Blood vessels, nerves, and membranes attach to brain
• Outer surface for muscles that move eyes, jaws, and head
• Facial bones (22)
• Protect and support entrances for digestive and respiratory
tracts
• Provide attachment for muscles controlling facial expression
and assist in manipulating food
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.1: Skull
Animation: Skull: Lateral View of the Adult Skull
Animation: Skull: Skull Exploded
Animation: Skull: Whole Skull
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The 22 bones that form the skull, plus the seven
bones associated with the skull
FACE
SKULL
14
Maxillary bones 2
8
Occipital bone 1
Palatine bones
2
Parietel bones 2
Nasal bones
2
Inferior nasal
conchae
2
Frontal bone 1
Temporal bones 2
Zygomatic bones 2
Lacrimal bones
2
Vomer
1
Mandible
1
CRANIUM
Sphenoid
1
Ethmoid
1
ASSOCIATED BONES 7
(see Module 7.7)
Hyoid bone 1
Auditory ossicles
enclosed in
6
temporal bones
Figure 7.1
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
1
The facial and cranial bones of the skull
Cranial Bones
Frontal
bone
Sphenoid
Parietal bone
Temporal
bone
Ethmoid
Occipital
bone
Figure 7.1
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
4
Module 7.1: Skull
• Associated bones
• Six auditory ossicles in temporal bones
• Three ear bones on each side
• Hyoid bone connected to inferior surfaces of
temporal bones
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.1: Skull
• Joints (articulations)
• Where two bones interconnect
• Called sutures in the skull
• Immovable
• Bones tied together with dense fibrous connective tissue
• Four major sutures
1. Coronal (frontal to parietal bones)
•
Calvaria (skullcap formed by frontal, parietal, and
occipital bones)
2. Squamous (temporal to parietal bones)
3. Sagittal (between parietal bones)
4. Lambdoid (occipital to parietal bones)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The major sutures of the skull
Coronal suture
Frontal bone
Parietal bone
Squamous suture
Temporal bone
Occipital
bone
Lambdoid suture
Lateral view of skull
Sagittal suture
Parietal bone
Parietal bone
Sutural bone
Lambdoid suture
Occipital
bone
Posterior view of skull
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.1
5
–
6
Module 7.1 Review
a. Define suture.
b. Identify the bones of the cranium.
c. Describe the functions of the facial bones.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.2: Facial and cranial bones
• Facial bones
• Nasal bones
• Support superior portion of bridge of nose
• Attached to cartilages of distal portion of nose
• Lacrimal bones
• Form part of medial wall of orbit (eye socket)
• Palatine bones
• Form posterior portion of hard palate and contribute to floor of
each orbit
• Zygomatic bones
• Contribute to rim and lateral wall of orbit
• Form part of cheekbone
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.2: Facial and cranial bones
• Facial bones (continued)
• Maxillae
• Support upper teeth
• Form inferior rim, lateral margins of external nares, upper jaw,
and most of hard palate
• Inferior nasal conchae
• Create turbulence in air entering nasal cavity
• Increase surface area to promote warming and humidification of
incoming air
• Vomer
• Forms inferior portion of bony nasal septum
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.2: Facial and cranial bones
• Facial bones (continued)
• Mandible
• Forms lower jaw
Animation: Skull: Facial
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.2: Facial and cranial bones
• Cranial bones
• Frontal bone
• Forms anterior portion of cranium and roof of orbits
• Frontal sinuses secrete mucus that helps flush nasal
cavities
• Sphenoid
• Forms part of floor of cranium
• Unites facial and cranial bones
• Acts as crossbridge to strengthen skull
• Ethmoid
• Forms anteromedial floor of cranium and roof of nasal
cavity, and part of nasal septum and medial orbit wall
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The bones of the skull in anterior view
Facial Bones
Nasal bone
Cranial Bones
Parietal bone
Frontal bone
Lacrimal bone
Palatine bone
Sphenoid
Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
Ethmoid
Inferior nasal concha
Vomer
Mandible
Figure 7.2
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
1
Module 7.2: Facial and cranial bones
• Cranial bones (continued)
• Parietal bones
• Form part of superior and lateral surfaces of
cranium
• Occipital bone
• Contributes to posterior, lateral, and inferior
surfaces of cranium
• External occipital crest
• Helps stabilize vertebrae of neck
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.2: Facial and cranial bones
• Cranial bones (continued)
• Temporal bones
• Form part of lateral wall of cranium
• Articulate with facial bones and form articulations with
mandible
• Surround and protect sense organs of inner ear
• Attachment site for muscles closing jaw and moving head
• Mastoid process
• Attachment for muscles that rotate or extend head
• Styloid process
• Attached to ligaments supporting hyoid bone and tendons of
several muscles
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The bones of the skull in posterior view
Cranial Bones
Sagittal suture
Parietal bones
Occipital bone
Lambdoid suture
Temporal bone
Squamous suture
Mastoid process
Styloid process
External occipital crest
Mandible
Figure 7.2
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
2
Module 7.2 Review
a. Identify the facial bones.
b. Quincy suffers a hit to the skull that fractures
the right superior lateral surface of his cranium.
Which bone is fractured?
c. Identify the following bones as either a facial
bone or a cranial bone: vomer, ethmoid,
sphenoid, temporal, and inferior nasal conchae.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.3: Lateral and medial aspects of skull
• Lateral aspect
• Frontal squama (forehead)
• Forms anterior, superior portion of cranium
• Provides surface for attachment for facial muscles
• Alveolar processes
• Support upper and lower teeth in mandible and
maxillae
• Mental protuberance (mentalis, chin)
• Attachment site for several facial muscles
• Mandibular angle
• Posterior, inferior corner of lower jaw
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.3: Lateral and medial aspects of skull
• Lateral aspect (continued)
• Zygomatic process
• Articulates with zygomatic bone to form zygomatic
arch (cheekbone)
• External acoustic meatus
• Ends at tympanic membrane
• Squamous part of temporal bone
• Convex, irregular surface bordering squamous suture
• Superior and inferior temporal lines
• Mark attachment of temporalis muscle
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The skull in lateral view
Frontal squama (forehead)
Coronal
suture
Superior and inferior
temporal lines
Squamous part
(of temporal bone)
Squamous suture
Sphenoid
Parietal
bone
Frontal
bone
External
acoustic
meatus
Ethmoid
Lacrimal bone
Temporal
bone
Nasal bone
Maxilla
Alveolar
processes
Lambdoid suture
Zygomatic
bone
Occipital
bone
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Mandible
Zygomatic arch (cheekbone)
Mental protuberance
Mandibular angle
Figure 7.3
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
1
Module 7.3: Lateral and medial aspects of skull
• Medial aspect
• Frontal sinuses
• Variable in size and appearance
• Hypoglossal fossa
• Recess that supports/protects pituitary gland
• Bony wall called sella turcica
• Petrous part of temporal bone
• Encloses structures of inner ear and auditory
ossicles in middle ear
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.3: Lateral and medial aspects of skull
• Medial aspect (continued)
• Internal acoustic meatus
• Medial surface of petrous portion of temporal bone
• Carries blood vessels and nerves to inner ear
• Conveys facial nerve to stylomastoid foramen
• Hypoglossal canal
• Lateral base of occipital condyle to inner surface of
occipital bone near foramen magnum
• Hypoglossal nerves pass through
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The interior of the skull, as revealed by sagittal
section that passes just to the left of the midline
Sphenoid
Frontal
bone
Coronal
suture
Sphenoidal
sinus (right)
Sella turcica
Petrous part
(of temporal bone)
Frontal sinuses
Parietal
bone
Squamous suture
Lambdoid suture
Nasal bone
Temporal
bone
Ethmoid
Vomer
Occipital
bone
Palatine
bone
Internal
acoustic
meatus
Hypoglossal canal
Maxilla
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Mandible
Styloid
process
Figure 7.3
2
Module 7.3 Review
a. Name the meatuses found in the temporal
bone.
b. What is the function of the internal acoustic
meatus?
c. The alveolar processes perform what
functions in which bones?
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.4: Interior and inferior surface of skull
• Foramina
• Foramen lacerum (lacerare, to tear)
• Jagged slit between sphenoid and petrous
portion of temporal bone
• Contains cartilage and small arteries for inner
cranium
• Foramen ovale
• Passage of nerves for jaws
• Carotid canal
• Passage of carotid artery
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.4: Interior and inferior surface of skull
• Foramina (continued)
• Jugular foramen
• Between occipital and temporal bone
• Passage of jugular vein
• Stylomastoid foramen
• Posterior to base of styloid process
• Passage of facial nerve to facial muscles
• Foramen magnum
• Connects cranial cavity and vertebral canal
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.4: Interior and inferior surface of skull
• Other features
• Mandibular fossa
• Inferior surface of temporal bone
• Articulation site with mandible
• Occipital condyles
• Articulation sites for first vertebra
• Inferior and superior nuchal lines
• Attachment sites for muscles and ligaments that stabilize
head with neck vertebrae
• Internal occipital crest
• Ridge that anchors blood vessels and membranes that
stabilize brain
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
An inferior view of the skull
Zygomatic
bone
Frontal
bone
Palatine
bone
Maxilla
Vomer
Foramina
Foramen lacerum
Sphenoid
Foramen ovale
Zygomatic arch
Styloid process
Carotid canal
Mandibular fossa
Jugular foramen
Temporal bone
Occipital condyle
Stylomastoid foramen
Occipital
bone
Lambdoid suture
Foramen magnum
Inferior and superior
nuchal lines
External occipital crest
Figure 7.4
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
1
The interior of the skull, as revealed by horizontal section
Nasal bones
Frontal bone
Crista galli
Cribriform plate
Ethmoid
Sella turcica
Foramen rotundum
Sphenoid
Foramen lacerum
Temporal bone
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Carotid canal
Internal
acoustic meatus
Mastoid foramen
Jugular foramen
Parietal bone
Hypoglossal canal
Occipital bone
Internal occipital crest
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.4
2
Module 7.4 Review
a. Identify the bone containing the carotid canal, and
name the structure that runs through this
passageway.
b. Which foramen provides a passageway for
nerves innervating the jaw?
c. In which bone is the foramen magnum located,
and what is significant about this opening?
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.5: Sphenoid, ethmoid, and palatine
bones
• Sphenoid
• Optic canals
• Passage of optic nerves from eyes to brain
• Lesser wings
• Extend horizontally anterior to sella turcica
• Greater wings
• Extend laterally
• Form part of cranial floor and posterior wall of
orbit
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.5: Sphenoid, ethmoid, and palatine
bones
• Sphenoid (continued)
• Sella turcica
• Saddle-shaped enclosure
• Hypophyseal fossa
• Depression within sella turcica
• Occupied by pituitary gland
• Sphenoidal spine
• Posterior, lateral corner of each greater wing
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.5: Sphenoid, ethmoid, and palatine
bones
• Sphenoid (continued)
• Foramina (penetrate greater wing and carry
blood vessels and nerves)
• Foramen spinosum (to orbit)
• Foramen ovale (to face)
• Foramen rotundum (to jaws)
• Superior orbital fissure (to cranial cavity
membranes)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Two views of the sphenoid
Greater wing
Optic canal
Superior
surface
of the
sphenoid
Lesser wing
Hypophyseal fossa
Sella turcica
Foramen
spinosum
Foramen Foramen
Superior
ovale rotundum orbital fissure
Sphenoidal spine
Figure 7.5
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
1
Module 7.5: Sphenoid, ethmoid, and palatine
bones
• Ethmoid
• Cribriform plate (cribrum, sieve)
• Forms anteromedial floor of cranium and roof of nasal
cavity
• Olfactory foramina permit passage of olfactory nerves
for sense of smell
• Crista galli (crista, crest + gallus, chicken; cock’s
comb)
• Bony ridge that projects superior to cribiform plate
• Attachment of falx cerebri, which stabilizes brain
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.5: Sphenoid, ethmoid, and palatine
bones
• Ethmoid (continued)
• Lateral masses
• Ethmoidal labyrinth
• Interconnected air cells that connect to nasal cavity
• Superior nasal conchae (projections)
• Middle nasal conchae (projections)
• Perpendicular plate
• Forms part of nasal septum
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The ethmoid
Cribriform plate
Crista galli
Lateral masses
Superior and middle
nasal conchae
Perpendicular plate
Superior surface
Posterior surface
Figure 7.5
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
2
Module 7.5: Sphenoid, ethmoid, and palatine
bones
• Palatine
• Forms posterior portion of hard palate and
contributes to floor of each orbit
• Orbital process
• Forms part of floor of orbit
• Normally contains small sinus that opens into
sphenoidal sinus
• Horizontal plate
• Forms posterior part of hard palate
• Perpendicular plate
• Extends from horizontal plate to orbital process
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The palatine bones
Orbital process
Perpendicular plate
of the palatine bone
Nasal
crest
Horizontal plate
Figure 7.5
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
3
Module 7.5 Review
a. Identify the bone containing the optic canal, and
cite the structures using this passageway.
b. Which bone contains the sella turcica? What
structure is in the depression (fossa) within the
sella turcica?
c. Identify the bone containing the cribriform plate.
What is significant about this structure?
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.6: Orbital and nasal complexes
•
Orbit
•
Contains eye
•
Formed by seven bones of the orbital complex
1. Frontal (roof)
2. Zygomatic (lateral wall)
3. Maxilla (most of floor)
4. Lacrimal (medial wall)
5. Ethmoid (medial wall)
6. Sphenoid (posterior wall)
7. Palatine (posterior wall)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.6: Orbital and nasal complexes
•
Bony features of orbit
•
Lacrimal fossa
•
•
•
Shallow depression in frontal bone
Lacrimal (tear) gland location
Supra-orbital margin
•
•
Thickening of frontal bone to help protect eye
Supra-orbital notch
•
Passage of blood vessels to eyebrow, eyelids, and
frontal sinuses
•
Also occurs as supra-orbital foramen when fully
enclosed
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.6: Orbital and nasal complexes
•
Bony features of orbit (continued)
•
Lacrimal sulcus
•
•
•
•
Groove along anterior, lateral surface of lacrimal
bone
Location of lacrimal sac
Leads to nasolacrimal canal
Nasolacrimal canal
•
Formed by maxilla and lacrimal bone
•
Protects lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct (carries
tears to nasal cavity)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.6: Orbital and nasal complexes
•
Bony features of orbit (continued)
•
Infra-orbital foramen
•
•
Passage of major sensory nerve that reaches
brain through foramen rotundum
Zygomaticofacial foramen
•
Anterior surface of zygomatic bone
•
Carries sensory nerve innervating cheek
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The bones of the orbital complex
Lacrimal fossa
Supra-orbital
margin
Supra-orbital notch
Frontal bone
Palatine bone
Ethmoid
Lacrimal sulcus
Sphenoid
Temporal bone
Nasolacrimal canal
Zygomatic bone
Zygomaticofacial
foramen
Intra-orbital
foramen
Middle nasal concha
Inferior nasal concha
Maxilla
Figure 7.6
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
1
Module 7.6: Orbital and nasal complexes
•
Nasal complex
•
Bones that enclose the nasal cavities and
paranasal sinuses (secretions flush nasal cavities)
•
•
Paranasal sinuses
•
Sphenoidal sinuses
•
Ethmoid air cells
•
Frontal sinuses
•
Palatine
•
Maxillary sinuses
Lighten skull and provide area of mucous
epithelium
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The bones of the nasal complex
Cranial
cavity
Frontal bone
Ethmoidal air cells
Orbit
Zygomatic bone
Maxillary sinus
Maxilla
Frontal
section
Mandible
Nasal cavities
Figure 7.6
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
2
Module 7.6: Orbital and nasal complexes
•
Nasal cavity bones
•
Superior wall
•
•
•
•
Frontal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Lateral walls
•
•
•
Maxillae
Lacrimal bones
Ethmoid
•
Inferior nasal conchae
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The bones that form and surround the nasal cavity, as
revealed by a sagittal section with
nasal septum removed
Frontal sinuses
Frontal bone
Sphenoidal sinus
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Nasal bone
Lacrimal bone
Superior nasal concha
Inferior nasal concha
Middle nasal concha
Perpendicular plate
of palatine bone
Pterygoid plates
Maxilla
Hard palate
Figure 7.6
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
3
Module 7.6 Review
a. Identify the bones of the orbital complex.
b. Describe the frontal sinuses.
c. To which complex—nasal, orbital, or both—
does each of the following bones contribute?
frontal, maxilla, palatine, nasal
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.7: Mandible and associated skull
bones
•
Mandible
•
Condylar process
•
•
Articulates with temporal bone at
temporomandibular joint
Coronoid process
•
•
Insertion point for temporalis muscle
Mandibular notch
•
•
Depression that separates condylar and
coronoid processes
Alveolar process
•
Supports lower teeth
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.7: Mandible and associated skull
bones
•
Mandible (continued)
•
Body
•
•
Horizontal portion of bone
Ramus
•
•
Ascending part that begins at mandibular angle
Mylohyoid line
•
•
Insertion of mylohyoid muscle (supports mouth floor)
Mandibular foramen
•
Passageway for blood vessels and nerves that
service the lower teeth
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The mandible in lateral view
Coronoid process
Teeth (molars)
Condylar process
Alveolar process
Mental foramen
Mandibular notch
Body of the mandible
Ramus of the mandible
Figure 7.7
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
1
The medial surface of the mandible
Coronoid Condylar
process
process
Mylohyoid line
Head
Mandibular foramen
Alveolar
part
Position of the submandibular
salivary gland
Figure 7.7
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
2
Module 7.7: Mandible and associated skull
bones
•
Associated skull bones
•
Hyoid bone
•
Supports larynx
•
Attachment site for muscles of larynx, pharynx,
and tongue
•
Greater horns
•
•
Help support larynx
•
Attachment point for tongue muscles
Lesser horns
•
Attachment point for hyoid and laryngeal ligaments
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The hyoid bone
Greater horn
Lesser horn
Body of the hyoid
Figure 7.7
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
3
Module 7.7: Mandible and associated skull
bones
•
Associated skull bones (continued)
•
Auditory ossicles
•
In middle ear within petrous portion of temporal
bone
•
Conduct sound wave vibrations from tympanic
membrane to hearing receptors of inner ear
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The auditory ossicles, bones associated
with the skull
SKULL
ASSOCIATED BONES 7
FACE
14
CRANIUM
8
Maxillary bones
2
Occipital bone
1
Palatine bones
2
Parietal bones
2
Nasal bones
2
Frontal bone
Inferior nasal
conchae
2
Zygomatic bones 2
Lacrimal bones
2
Vomer
1
Mandible
1
1
Temporal bones 2
Sphenoid
1
Ethmoid
1
Hyoid bone 1
Auditory ossicles
enclosed in
6
temporal bones
(see Chapter 15)
Figure 7.7
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
4
Module 7.7 Review
a. Name the foramina of the mandible.
b. Describe the location and function of the
auditory ossicles.
c. ls your lab partner correct when she claims
that the hyoid bone does not directly join
(articulate with) any other bone?
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.8: Fontanelles
•
Fontanelles
•
Large fibrous areas between cranial bones of infants
and small children
•
Ease passage of head through birth canal
•
Allow for cranial growth to keep pace with brain
growth and later fetal stages
•
Over time, fontanelles are replaced with sutures
•
Occipital, sphenoidal, and mastoid fontanelles
disappear a month or two after birth
•
All fontanelles replaced before age 5 when brain stops
growing
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.8: Fontanelles
•
Fontanelles
•
Anterior
•
Largest fontanelle
•
At intersection of frontal, sagittal, and coronal sutures
•
Sphenoidal
•
•
Junction of squamous and coronal sutures
Mastoid
•
•
Junction of squamous and lambdoid sutures
Occipital
•
Junction of lambdoid and sagittal sutures
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The anterior fontanelle (“soft spot”) and associated sutures in the
skull of an infant
Sagittal suture
Left
parietal
bone
Right
parietal
bone
Anterior fontanelle
Coronal suture
Frontal suture
Frontal
bone
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Frontal
suture
Figure 7.8
1
The occipital fontanelle and associated sutures
in a posterior view of the skull of an infant
Left
parietal
bone
Right
parietal
bone
Sagittal suture
Occipital fontanelle
Lambdoid suture
Occipital bone
Figure 7.8
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
2
A lateral view of the skull of an infant
Sphenoidal fontanelle
Coronal
suture
Parietal
bone
Frontal
bone
Sphenoid
Squamous suture
Mastoid fontanelle
Nasal bone
Temporal
bone
Maxilla
Mandible
Lambdoid suture
Occipital bone
Figure 7.8
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
3
A superior view of the skull of an infant
Frontal suture
Frontal
bone
Anterior fontanelle
Frontal
bone
Parietal
bone
Lambdoid suture
Sagittal suture
Occipital fontanelle
Parietal
bone
Occipital bone
Coronal suture
Figure 7.8
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
4
Module 7.8 Review
a. Define fontanelle.
b. Identify the major fontanelles.
c. What purposes do fontanelles serve?
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.9: Vertebral column
•
Vertebral column
•
Consists of 26 bones (24 vertebrae, 1 sacrum, 1
coccyx)
•
Average adult length is 71 cm (28 in.)
•
Functions
• Provides a column of support to bear weight of head, neck,
and trunk
• Transfers weight to lower limbs
• Protects spinal column
• Helps maintain upright position
Animation: The Division and Curvatures of the
Vertebral Column
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.9: Vertebral column
•
Spinal curves
•
Primary (before birth) and secondary (after birth)
•
Cervical curve (secondary)
•
•
Thoracic curve (primary)
•
•
Accommodation of thoracic organs
Lumbar curve (secondary)
•
•
Develops as infant learns to balance head on vertebrae
Develops with ability to stand to balance trunk over limbs
Sacral curve (primary)
•
Accommodates abdominopelvic organs
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The spinal curves and vertebral regions
in the adult vertebral column
Spinal Curves
Vertebral Regions
Primary curves develop before
birth, and secondary curves after
birth.
Regions are defined
by anatomical
characteristics of
individual vertebrae.
Cervical curve
(a secondary curve)
Thoracic curve
(a primary curve)
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
L1
Cervical
(7 vertebrae)
Thoracic
(12 vertebrae)
L2
Lumbar curve
(a secondary curve)
L3
Lumbar
(5 vertebrae)
L4
L5
Sacral curve
(a primary curve)
Sacral
Coccygeal
Figure 7.9
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
1
Figure 7.9
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
1
Module 7.9: Vertebral column
•
Vertebral regions (defined by anatomical
characteristics of individual vertebrae)
•
Cervical (7 vertebrae)
•
Thoracic (12 vertebrae)
•
Lumbar (5 vertebrae)
•
Sacral
•
Coccygeal
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The parts of a typical vertebra
Parts of a Vertebra
Articular processes
Vertebral arch
Vertebral body
Superior view
Figure 7.9
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
2
Module 7.9: Vertebral column
•
Parts of typical vertebra
•
Articular processes
•
Extend superiorly and inferiorly to articulate
with adjacent vertebrae
•
Have smooth, concave surface (articular
facet)
•
•
Superior articular process
•
Inferior articular process
Vertebral body
•
Transfers weight along vertebral column axis
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.9: Vertebral column
•
Parts of typical vertebra (continued)
•
Vertebral arch
•
Spinous process (projects posteriorly)
•
Laminae (form “roof” of vertebral foramen)
•
Transverse processes (project laterally)
•
Pedicles (form sides of vertebral arch)
•
Vertebral foramen
•
Formed by vertebral body and arch
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The parts of the vertebral
arch
The Vertebral Arch
Spinous process
Vertebral
foramen
Laminae
Transverse process
Pedicles
Inferior view
Figure 7.9
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
3
Module 7.9: Vertebral column
•
Characteristics of articulated vertebrae
•
Intervertebral discs
•
•
Pads of fibrous cartilage found between bodies of
adjacent vertebrae
Intervertebral foramina
•
Spaces between successive pedicles
•
Passage of nerves and blood vessels
•
Vertebral canal
•
Encloses spinal cord
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
A lateral view of three vertebrae
Pedicle
Intervertebral disc
Intervertebral foramina
Vertebral
body
Vertebral canal
Figure 7.9
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
4
A posterior view of two vertebrae
Articular facet
Superior articular process
Inferior articular process
Figure 7.9
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
5
Module 7.9: Vertebral column
•
Referencing individual vertebrae
•
One capital letter designator according to
region
•
•
Examples: C, T, L, S, and Co
Subscript number designates relative position
within region
•
Example: C3 = 3rd cervical vertebra
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.9 Review
a. Name the major components of a typical
vertebra.
b. What is the importance of the secondary
curves of the spine?
c. To which part of the vertebra do the
intervertebral discs attach?
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.10: Cervical and thoracic vertebrae
•
Cervical vertebrae
•
Characteristics
•
Smallest of vertebral column
•
Extend from occipital bone to thorax
•
Large vertebral foramen
•
•
Spinal cord here has many axons connecting to brain
Vertebral body is small and light
•
Only supports weight of head
•
Bifid (split) spinous process
•
Transverse foramen
•
•
Protects vertebral arteries and veins serving brain
Costal process (extends anterolaterally from body)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
A typical cervical vertebra
Transverse foramen
Bifid spinous process
Vertebral
foramen
Vertebral body
Transverse process
Costal process
Figure 7.10
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
1
Module 7.10: Cervical and thoracic vertebrae
•
First two cervical vertebrae
•
Specialized to stabilize cranium while permitting head
movement
1. Atlas (C1) (named after Greek god who holds world)
•
•
No spinous process
No vertebral body
•
Large round vertebral foramen
2. Axis (C2)
•
Prominent dens or odontoid (odontos, tooth) process
of body
Animation: Vertebral Column: Axis Atlas
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.10: Cervical and thoracic vertebrae
•
First two cervical vertebrae (continued)
•
Articulation between occipital condyles and
atlas
•
•
Forms joint permitting “nodding yes” movement
Articulation between atlas and axis
•
Transverse ligament binds dens to anterior
arch of atlas
•
Forms joint permitting rotation (shaking your
head “no”)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The first two cervical
vertebrae: the atlas
and the axis
Anterior
arch of
atlas
Atlas
Dens (odontoid process)
Joint that permits
nodding (as in
indicating “yes”)
Axis
Posterior arch
of atlas
Ligament that enables
rotation (as in shaking
the head to indicate
“no”)
Figure 7.10
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
2
Module 7.10: Cervical and thoracic vertebrae
•
Last cervical vertebra (C7)
•
Has very robust spinous process with tubercle that
can be felt through the skin
•
Known as vertebra prominens
•
Ligamentum nuchae (nucha, nape)
•
Stout elastic ligament extending from vertebra
prominens to external occipital crest on skull
•
Acts like bowstring to maintain cervical curvature without
muscular effort
Animation: Vertebral Column: Cervical Vertebrae
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
A lateral view of the seven cervical vertebrae
Vertebra
prominens
Figure 7.10
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
3
Module 7.10: Cervical and thoracic vertebrae
•
Thoracic vertebrae
• Twelve thoracic vertebrae
• Body of each (moving inferior) is more robust than
the one superior due to bearing of increasing
weight
• Each has costal facets on the dorsolateral
surfaces of vertebral body that articulate with ribs
•
First 10 vertebrae have transverse costal facets as
well
•
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Ribs 11 and 12 are known as floating ribs accordingly
Module 7.10: Cervical and thoracic vertebrae
•
Characteristics
• Distinctive heart-shaped body
• Smaller vertebral foramen
• Long, slender, inferiorly pointing spinous
process
Animation: Vertebral Column: Thoracic Vertebrae
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.10
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
4
A typical thoracic vertebra in superior view
Transverse
process
Spinous process
Vertebral
foramen
Superior
articular
facet
Superior
costal facet
Vertebral
body
Figure 7.10
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
5
A typical thoracic vertebra in lateral view
Superior
costal facet
Transverse
costal facet
Vertebral
body
Spinous process
Inferior costal facet
Transverse process
Figure 7.10
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
6
Module 7.10 Review
a. Joe suffered a hairline fracture at the base of the dens.
Which bone is fractured and where is the fractured bone
located?
b. Examining a human vertebra, you notice that, in addition to
the large foramen for the spinal cord, two smaller foramina
are on either side of the bone in the region of the transverse
processes. From which region of the vertebral column is
this vertebra?
c. When you run your finger down the middle of a person's
spine, what part of each vertebra are you feeling just
beneath the skin?
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.11: Lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, and
coccyx
•
Lumbar vertebrae
•
•
•
Five lumbar vertebrae
Largest and transmit most weight
Characteristics
•
Do not have costal facets
•
Have slender transverse processes
•
Triangular vertebral foramen
•
Stumpy spinous process
•
Superior articular processes face medially
•
Inferior articular processes face laterally
Animation: Vertebral Column: Lumbar Vertebrae
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.11: Lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, and
coccyx
•
Sacrum
•
Five fused vertebrae
•
Completely fused by ~25–30 years old
•
Anterior surface concave/posterior surface convex
•
Characteristics
•
Ala (bony wing extending laterally)
•
Base (broad superior surface)
•
Sacral promontory (important landmark in females)
•
Sacral foramina (intervertebral foramina of fused
vertebrae)
•
Apex (narrow inferior portion)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.11: Lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, and
coccyx
•
Sacrum
•
Characteristics (continued)
•
Sacral canal (passageway extending length of sacrum
containing nerves and membranes of spinal cord)
•
Auricular surface (thickened, flattened lateral
surfaces; sacral part of sacro-iliac joint)
•
Sacral tuberosity (roughened area dorsal to auricular
surface; attachment site for ligaments of sacro-iliac
joint)
•
Lateral sacral crest (ridge from transverse processes
of fused sacral vertebrae)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.11: Lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, and
coccyx
•
Sacrum
•
•
Characteristics (continued)
•
Superior articular process (forms articulation with last
lumbar vertebra)
•
Median sacral crest (ridge formed by spinous
processes of fused sacral vertebrae)
•
Sacral hiatus (inferior opening of sacral canal)
Coccyx
•
Three to five fused vertebrae
•
Begin fusing about age 2
Animation: Vertebral Column: Sacrum Coccyx
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.11 Review
a. How many vertebrae are present in the
lumbar region? In the sacrum?
b. What structure forms the posterior wall of the
pelvic girdle?
c. Why are the bodies of the lumbar vertebrae
so large?
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.12: Thoracic cage
•
Thoracic cage
•
Provides bony support to thoracic cavity walls
•
Protects heart, lungs, thymus, and other
thoracic cavity organs
•
Attachment for muscles involved in
1. Respiration
2. Maintenance of vertebral column position
3. Movements of pectoral girdle and upper limbs
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.12: Thoracic cage
•
Thoracic cage components
•
Ribs
•
Reinforce posterior and lateral thoracic walls
•
Very mobile and flexible bones
•
Types
•
•
•
Vertebrocostal ribs (ribs 1–7)
•
Connect to sternum via individual costal cartilages
Vertebrochondral ribs (ribs 8–10)
•
Connect to sternum via shared costal cartilages
Floating ribs (ribs 11 and 12)
•
No connection to sternum
•
Also known as vertebral ribs
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.12: Thoracic cage
•
Thoracic cage components (continued)
•
Sternum
•
Forms anterior midline of thoracic wall
•
Three regions
1.
Manubrium (superior portion that articulates with
clavicles and first pair of ribs)
2.
Body (attaches inferiorly to manubrium and to ribs
2–7)
3.
Xiphoid process (smallest, most inferior region)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
An anterior view of the thoracic cage
Jugular notch
T1
1
2
3
Sternum
Manubrium
4
5
Ribs
Vertebrosternal ribs
(ribs 1–7)
6
11
Body
T11
7
Vertebrosternal ribs
(ribs 8–10)
12
T12
8
9
Floating ribs
(ribs 11 and 12)
Xiphoid process
10
Costal cartilages
Figure 7.12
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
1
Module 7.12: Thoracic cage
•
Thoracic cage
•
Rib landmarks
•
Head or capitulum (attachment to vertebra)
•
•
•
•
Articular facts (specific attachment points)
Angle (bend connecting head to shaft)
Shaft (tubular body)
Typical ribs act as bucket handles
•
•
Pushing down moves ribs inward
Pulling up moves ribs outward
•
•
Sternum moves accordingly
Movements affect width and depth of thoracic cage
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Posterior view of a representative rib
(ribs 2–9)
Articular facets
on head
Capitulum
Tubercle
Angle of the rib
Shaft
Superficial surface
Costal groove
Figure 7.12
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
2
The action of a typical rib, which
can be likened to the movement
of a bucket’s handle
Sternum
Ribs
Figure 7.12
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
4
Module 7.12: Thoracic cage
•
Thoracic cage (continued)
•
Costal-vertebral articulations
•
Heads of ribs 2–9 articulate on two adjacent
vertebrae at costal facets
•
Heads of ribs 1, 10, 11, and 12 articulate with
individual vertebrae
•
Tubercular facets attach to transverse costal
facts
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Superior view of a representative rib
Transverse
process
Tubercular facet
Superior articular facet
Transverse
costal facet
Inferior articular facet
Figure 7.12
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
3
Module 7.12 Review
a. How are vertebrosternal ribs distinguished
from vertebrochondral ribs?
b. Improper chest compressions during
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) can
result in fractures of which bones?
c. In addition to the ribs and sternum, what other
bones make up the thoracic cage?
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 2: Appendicular Skeleton
• Learning Outcomes
• 7.13 Identify the bones that form the pectoral girdle,
their functions, and their superficial features.
• 7.14 Identify the bones of the arm and forearm, their
functions, and their superficial features.
• 7.15 Identify the bones of the wrist and hand, and
describe their locations using anatomical
terminology.
• 7.16 Describe the hip bones that form the pelvic
girdle, their functions, and their superficial
features.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 2: Appendicular Skeleton
• Learning Outcomes
• 7.17 Identify the bones of the pelvis, and discuss
the structural and functional differences
between the pelvis in males and the pelvis in
females.
• 7.18 Identify the bones of the thigh and leg, their
functions, and their superficial features.
• 7.19 Identify the bones of the ankle and foot, and
describe their locations using anatomical
terminology.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 2: Appendicular Skeleton
• Appendicular skeleton
• Consists of bones of the limbs and supporting
elements (or girdles) that connect them to trunk
• 126 bones
• Pectoral girdle (4)
• Upper limbs (60)
• Pelvic girdle (2)
• Lower limbs (60)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The bones of the appendicular skeleton
206
SKELETAL SYSTEM
AXIAL
80
SKELETON
Clavicle
2
Scapula
2
Humerus
2
Radius
2
Ulna
2
Carpal bones
16
Metacarpal bones
10
Phalanges
(proximal,
middle, distal)
28
Hip bone
(coxal bone)
2
Femur
2
Patella
2
Tibia
2
Fibula
2
Tarsal bones
14
Metatarsal bones
10
Phalanges
28
Pectoral
girdle
4
Upper
limbs
60
APPENDICULAR 126
SKELETON
Pelvic
girdle
2
Lower
limbs
60
Figure 7 Section 2
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.13: Pectoral girdle
• Pectoral (shoulder) girdle
• Joins arm to trunk
• Consists of clavicle and scapula
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The relationship of the clavicle
to adjacent bones
Clavicle
Jugular notch
Scapula
Humerus
Anterior view
Figure 7.13
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
1
Module 7.13: Pectoral girdle
• Clavicle
• Originate at superior, lateral border of manubrium
• Characteristics
• Sternal end
• Pyramid-shaped
• Articulates with acromion of scapula
• Acromial end
• Flatter, broader than sternal end
• Rough interior surface bearing lines and tubercles
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Two views of the right clavicle
Superior view
MEDIAL
LATERAL
Acromial
end
LATERAL
Sternal
end
Inferior view
MEDIAL
Figure 7.13
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
2
Module 7.13: Pectoral girdle
• Scapula
• Body
• Broad, smooth triangle
• Sides
• Superior border
• Medial border
• Lateral border
• Corners
• Superior angle
• Inferior angle
• Lateral angle
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.13: Pectoral girdle
• Scapula (continued)
• Subscapular fossa
• Anterior surface depression
• Glenoid cavity
• Cup-shaped
• Articulates with humerus
• Scapular spine
• Ridge on posterior surface
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.13: Pectoral girdle
• Scapula (continued)
• Supraspinous fossa (supra, above)
• Infraspinous fossa (infra, below)
• Acromion process
• End of spine
• Coracoid process
• Anterior, superior to glenoid cavity
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Two views of the right scapula
Scapular spine
Acromion Coracoid
process
Superior
border
Acromion
Superior
angle
Supraspinous fossa
Subscapular fossa
Process that
supports the
cup-shaped
glenoid cavity
Lateral
border
Medial
border
Anterior view
Infraspinous fossa
Posterior view
Inferior
angle
Figure 7.13
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
3
– 4
A lateral view of the right
scapula
Coracoid
process
Glenoid
cavity
Acromion
Figure 7.13
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
5
Module 7.13 Review
a. Name the bones of the pectoral girdle.
b. How would a broken clavicle affect the
mobility and stability of the scapula?
c. Which bone articulates with the scapula at the
glenoid cavity?
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.14: Humerus, radius, ulna
•
Skeleton of upper limbs includes those of
arms, forearms, wrists, and hands
•
Arm = shoulder to elbow
•
Forearm = elbow to wrist
Animation: Pectoral Girdle: Upper Limb
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.14: Humerus, radius, ulna
•
Humerus
•
Head
•
•
Proximal end that articulates with glenoid cavity (scapula)
Lesser tubercle
•
•
Smaller projection on anterior, medial epiphyseal surface
Greater tubercle
•
Rounded projection on lateral epiphyseal surface
•
Establishes lateral contour of shoulder
•
Intertubercular groove
•
Between tubercles
•
Important for muscle attachment
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.14: Humerus, radius, ulna
•
Humerus (continued)
•
Anatomical neck
•
•
Marks extent of joint capsule
Surgical neck
•
•
Fractures typically occur here
Deltoid tuberosity
•
Large, rough elevation on lateral surface
•
Attachment of deltoid muscle
•
Radial groove
•
Crosses inferior end of deltoid tuberosity
•
Depression marking path of radial nerve
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.14: Humerus, radius, ulna
•
Humerus (continued)
•
Radial fossa
•
•
Accommodates portion of radial head
Condyle
•
Capitulum
•
•
Lateral surface of condyle
Trochlea (trochlea, pulley)
•
Medial surface of condyle
•
Extends from olecranon fossa (posterior) to
coronoid fossa (anterior)
•
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
These depressions accept projections of ulna
Surface features of the right humerus
Posterior
view
Anterior
view
Head
Greater
tubercle
Intertubercular groove
Greater tubercle
Lesser tubercle
Anatomical neck
Surgical neck
Radial groove
Shaft
Deltoid tuberosity
Radial fossa
Coronoid fossa
Lateral epicondyle
Capitulum
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Olecranon fossa
Medial epicondyle
Trochlea
Trochlea
Figure 7.14
1
Module 7.14: Humerus, radius, ulna
•
Ulna and radius
•
Parallel bones that support forearm
•
In anatomical position, ulna is medial to radius
•
Shafts connected via interosseus membrane
•
Proximal radio-ulnar joint
•
•
Radial notch on ulna with radial head
Distal radio-ulnar joint
•
Lateral surface of ulnar head with distal end of
radius
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Surface features of the right ulna and radius
Posterior
view
Anterior
view
Trochlear notch
Radial head
Olecranon
Coronoid process
Neck of the radius
Proximal radio-ulnar joint
Radial notch
at proximal
radio-ulnar joint
Radial tuberosity
Ulna
Radius
Radius
Ulna
Interosseous membrane
Ulnar notch
Distal radio-ulnar joint
Ulnar head
Styloid process of the radius
Ulnar head
Styloid process of the ulna
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.14
2
Module 7.14: Humerus, radius, ulna
•
Ulna
•
Olecranon
•
Superior end of ulna
•
Point of elbow
•
Ulnar head
•
•
Distal, slender, rounded end
Styloid process (styloid, long and pointed)
•
•
Posterior, lateral surface of head
Radial notch
•
Accommodates head of radius
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.14: Humerus, radius, ulna
•
Ulna (continued)
•
Trochlear notch
•
•
Articulates with trochlea of humerus at elbow
joint
Coronoid process
•
Inferior lip of trochlear notch
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.14: Humerus, radius, ulna
•
Radius
•
Radial head
•
Articulates with capitulum of humerus
•
During flexion, swings into radial fossa of humerus
•
Neck
•
•
From radial head to tuberosity
Radial tuberosity
•
•
Marks attachment site of biceps brachii muscle
Ulnar notch
•
•
Site of articulation with ulnar head
Styloid process
•
Distal radius that articulates with bones of wrist
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.14 Review
a. Identify the bones of the arm and forearm.
b. Identify the two rounded projections on either
side of the elbow, and state to which bone
they belong.
c. Which bone of the forearm is positioned
laterally while in anatomical position?
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.15: Carpal bones, metacarpals, and
phalanges
•
Carpus
•
Eight carpal bones arranged in two rows of four bones
•
Proximal carpal bones
1.
2.
3.
Scaphoid (skaphe, boat)
•
Lateral border of wrist
•
Closest to styloid process of radius
Lunate (luna, moon)
•
Medial to scaphoid
•
Articulates with radius
Pisiform (pisum, pea)
•
4.
Anterior to triquetrum
Triquetrum (triquetrus, three-cornered)
•
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Articulates with disc separating ulna from wrist
Module 7.15: Carpal bones, metacarpals, and
phalanges
•
Carpus (continued)
•
Distal carpal bones
5.
Trapezium (trapezion, four sided with no parallel sides)
•
6.
7.
8.
Lateral bone that articulates with scaphoid
Trapezoid
•
Medial to trapezium
•
Proximal articulation with scaphoid
Capitate (caput, head)
•
Largest carpal bone
•
Between trapezoid and hamate
Hamate
•
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Medial carpal bone
The bones of the carpus (wrist)
Proximal Carpal Bones
Scaphoid
Lunate
Pisiform
Triquetrum
Right wrist and hand,
anterior (palmar) view
Radius Ulna
I
II
III
IV
V
Metacarpal
bones
Proximal
phalanx
Distal Carpal Bones
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
Middle
phalanx
Distal
phalanx
Figure 7.15
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
1
Module 7.15: Carpal bones, metacarpals, and
phalanges
•
Metacarpals (metacarpus, hand)
•
Articulate with distal carpal bones and support hand
•
Identified by Roman numerals I–V, from lateral to
medial
•
Distally articulate with proximal finger bones
•
Phalanges
•
14 phalanges per hand
•
Pollex (thumb) has 2 phalanges (proximal and distal)
•
All other fingers have 3 phalanges (proximal, middle,
and distal)
Animation: Pectoral Girdle: Wrist Hand
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The metacarpal bones
(designated I–V) and the
phalanges of the hand
Radius
Ulna
Proximal Carpal Bones
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Distal Carpal Bones
Pisiform
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
I
V
IV
III
II
Proximal phalanx of pollex
Metacarpal bones
Proximal phalanx
Middle phalanx
Distal phalanx of pollex
Right wrist and hand,
posterior (dorsal) view
Distal phalanx
Figure 7.15
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
2
Module 7.15 Review
a. Define phalanges.
b. Name the carpal bones.
c. Bill accidentally fractures his first distal
phalanx with a hammer. Which finger is
broken?
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.16: Pelvic girdle
•
Pelvic girdle
•
Consists of paired hip bones (coxal bones)
•
Hip bone formed by fusion of three bones
1. Ilium
2. Ischium
3. Pubis
•
Acetabulum (acetabulum, vinegar cup)
• Concave socket formed by all three fused bones
• Articulates with head of femur
• Has smooth, cup-shaped surface (lunate surface)
• Has superior gap in bony rim (acetabular notch)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.16: Pelvic girdle
•
Ilium
•
Iliac spines
•
•
Attachment of important muscles and ligaments
Gluteal lines
•
•
Mark attachment of large hip muscles
Greater sciatic notch
•
•
Passage of sciatic nerve to lower limb
Iliac crest
•
Important ridge for muscle attachment
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.16: Pelvic girdle
•
Ilium (continued)
•
Iliac fossa
•
•
Shallow depression that supports abdominal organs and
some muscle attachment
Auricular surface
•
•
Surface that articulates with sacrum
Iliac tuberosity
•
Roughened area superior to auricular surface
•
Has attached ligaments that stabilize sacro-iliac joint
•
Arcuate line
•
Continuous with pectineal line of pubis
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.16: Pelvic girdle
•
Ischium
•
Ischial spine
•
Projects superior to sciatic notch
•
Passage of blood vessels, nerves, and small
muscle
•
Ischial tuberosity
•
Roughened projection
•
Supports body weight when seated
•
Ischial ramus
•
Bony extension that borders obturator
foramen
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.16: Pelvic girdle
•
Pubis
•
Pectineal line
•
•
Ridge that ends in pubic tubercle
Pubic symphysis
•
•
Connects pubic bones via fibrous cartilage pad
Superior and inferior pubic rami (singular,
ramus)
•
Bony extensions that border obturator
foramen
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
A hip bone, which consists of an
ilium, an ischium, and a pubis
Ilium
A lateral view of the right hip bone
POSTERIOR
Ischium
ANTERIOR
Pubis
Iliac crest
Gluteal Lines
Medial
Anterior
Anterior superior
iliac spine
Posterior
Posterior
superior
iliac spine
Posterior
inferior
iliac spine
Lunate surface
Greater
sciatic
notch
Acetabulum
Ischial spine
Ischial ramus
Ischial tuberosity
Acetabular notch
Figure 7.16
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
1
–
2
A medial view of the right hip bone
Ilium
ANTERIOR
POSTERIOR
Pubis
Ischium
Iliac crest
Iliac tuberosity
Iliac fossa
Auricular surface
of the ilium
Arcuate line of the ilium
Greater sciatic notch
Pectineal line
Obturator foramen
Superior pubic ramus
Pubic symphysis
Ischial ramus
Inferior pubic ramus
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.16
3
Module 7.16 Review
a. Describe the acetabulum.
b. Which three bones fuse to make up a hip
bone?
c. When you are seated, which part of the hip
bone bears your body’s weight?
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.17: Pelvis
•
Consists of two hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx
•
Has extensive network of ligaments connecting
sacrum with:
•
•
Iliac crest
•
Ischial tuberosity
•
Ischial spine
•
Arcuate line
Other ligaments tie ilia to lumbar vertebrae
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The structures of the pelvis
Hip Bone
Sacrum
Ilium
Coccyx
Pubis
Ischium
L5
Iliac crest
Iliac
fossa
Ilium
Sacrum
Sacro-iliac joint
Acetabulum
Pubic tubercle
Obturator foramen
Ischium
Pubic symphysis
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.17
1
Module 7.17: Pelvis
•
May be divided into:
1. True (lesser) pelvis
•
Encloses pelvic cavity
•
Superior limit extends from base of sacrum, along
arcuate line and pectineal line, to pubic symphysis
•
= Pelvic brim
•
Encloses pelvic inlet
•
Pelvic outlet bounded by coccyx, ischial tuberosities,
ischial spines, and inferior pubic symphysis
2. False (greater) pelvis
•
Consists of area enclosed by bladelike portions of
ilia superior to pelvic brim
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The locations and extents of the true (lesser) pelvis
(in purple) and the false (greater) pelvis
Superior view
Inferior view
Pelvic
outlet
Ischial
spine
False pelvis
Pelvic inlet
Pelvic brim
Pelvic outlet
Figure 7.17
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
2
Module 7.17: Pelvis
•
Sexual differences in pelvic structure
•
Most related to adaptations for childbearing
•
Female (compared to male)
•
Generally smoother and lighter with less prominent markings
•
Enlarged pelvic outlet
•
Broader pubic angle, greater than 100°
•
Less curvature on sacrum and coccyx
•
Wider, more circular pelvic inlet
•
Relatively broad, low pelvis
•
Ilia project farther laterally but not as far superiorly
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The shapes of the pelvis in females and males
The pelvis of a female
The pelvis of a male
Female
Male
Ischial
spine
Ischial
spine
100°
or more
90°
or less
Figure 7.17
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
3
Module 7.17 Review
a. Name the bones of the pelvis.
b. The pubic bones are joined anteriorly by what
structure?
c. How is the pelvis of females adapted for
childbearing?
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.18: Femur, tibia, and fibula
•
Skeleton of lower limb consists of:
•
Femur (thigh)
•
Patella (kneecap)
•
Tibia and fibula (leg)
•
•
•
Connected with interosseus membrane
Metatarsal bones and phalanges (foot)
Same number of bones as upper limb
•
Functional anatomy is different due to weightbearing properties
Animation: Pelvic Girdle: Lower Limb
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.18: Femur, tibia, and fibula
•
Femur
•
Longest and heaviest bone in body
•
Articulates with hip at hip joint
•
Articulates with tibia at knee joint
•
Characteristics
•
Femoral head
•
Articulates with pelvis at acetabulum
•
Fovea capitis
•
•
Small pit containing ligament attaching head to
acetabulum
Neck
•
Joins shaft at about 125°
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.18: Femur, tibia, and fibula
•
Femur (continued)
•
Characteristics
•
•
Greater trochanter
•
Large, rough projection that extends laterally
•
Attachment site for large tendons
Lesser trochanter
•
•
Intertrochanteric line
•
•
Smaller process that projects posteriorly and medially
Marks edge of articular capsule on anterior femur
Gluteal tuberosity
•
Attachment of gluteus maximus muscle
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.18: Femur, tibia, and fibula
•
Femur (continued)
•
Characteristics
•
Linea aspera (aspera, rough)
•
•
Popliteal surface (poples, hollow of knee)
•
•
Attachment of powerful hip muscles
Flattened triangular area on posterior
Medial and lateral condyles
•
Participate in knee joint at distal end
•
Separated by:
•
Patellar surface (anterior)
•
Intercondylar fossa (posterior)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Landmarks of the right femur
Fovea capitis
Neck
Greater trochanter
Greater
trochanter
Femoral head
Intertrochanteric
crest
Gluteal tuberosity
Intertrochanteric line
Anterior
view
Lesser trochanter
Linea aspera
Posterior
view
Shaft
Lateral supracondylar
ridge
Popliteal surface
Adductor tubercle
Patellar surface
Lateral epicondyle
Lateral condyle
Medial epicondyle
Medial condyle
Intercondylar fossa
Lateral epicondyle
Lateral condyle
Figure 7.18
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
1
-
2
Module 7.18: Femur, tibia, and fibula
•
Patella
•
Large sesamoid bone that forms in quadriceps tendon
•
Characteristics
•
Base
•
•
Apex
•
•
Attachment of patellar ligament (patella to tibia)
Lateral facet
•
•
Attachment of quadriceps tendon
For lateral condyle of femur
Medial facet
•
For medial condyle of femur
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The surface features of the patella
Base
of patella
Attachment
area for
quadriceps
tendon
Lateral facet, for
lateral condyle
of femur
Medial facet, for medial
condyle of femur
Attachment area for
the patellar ligament,
which attaches the
patella to the tibia
Articular surface
of patella
Apex
of patella
Anterior view
Posterior view
Figure 7.18
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
3
Module 7.18: Femur, tibia, and fibula
•
Tibia (shinbone)
•
Large medial bone of leg
•
Characteristics
•
Intercondylar eminence
•
•
Tibial tuberosity
•
•
Attachment of patellar ligament
Anterior margin
•
•
Ridge separating lateral and medial tibial condyles
Ridge beginning at tibial tuberosity, extending along
anterior surface
Medial malleolus (malleolus, hammer)
•
Medial projection of ankle that supports joint
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.18: Femur, tibia, and fibula
•
Fibula
•
Attachment of muscles that move foot and
toes
•
Provides lateral stability to ankle joint
•
Characteristics
•
Head
•
•
Articulates with tibia proximally
Lateral malleolus
•
Provides lateral stability to ankle joint
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The features of the right tibia and fibula
Superior
tibiofibular joint
Articular surface of
medial tibial condyle
Intercondylar eminence
Lateral tibial condyle
Articular surface of
lateral tibial condyle
Medial tibial condyle
Head of the fibula
Lateral tibial condyle
Tibial tuberosity
Head of fibula
Interosseous membrane
Anterior
view
Posterior
view
Anterior margin
of the tibia
Tibia
Fibula
Fibula
Medial malleolus
of the tibia
Lateral malleolus
of the fibula
Lateral malleolus
(fibula)
Inferior
articular surface
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Inferior tibiofibular
joint
Figure 7.18
4
Module 7.18 Review
a. Identify the bones of the lower limb.
b. Which structure articulates with the
acetabulum?
c. The fibula neither participates in the knee joint
nor bears weight. Yet, when it is fractured,
walking becomes difficult. Why?
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.19: Tarsals, metatarsals, and
phalanges
•
Angle bones accept body weight from leg and
transfer to the ground, distributing through foot
bones
•
Need to be strong yet flexible to deal with locomotive
movements
Animation: Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs:
Ankle and Foot
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.19: Tarsals, metatarsals, and
phalanges
•
Tarsals (7 bones)
1. Calcaneus (heel bone)
•
Largest of tarsal bones
•
Most weight transmitted from tibia to ground through it
•
Posterior portion is attachment site for calcaneal
tendon (Achilles tendon)
2. Talus
•
Transmits weight from tibia toward toes
•
Trochlea of talus bone forms articulation between
tibia and talus
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.19: Tarsals, metatarsals, and
phalanges
•
Tarsals (continued)
3. Navicular
•
Articulates with talus and three cuneiform bones
4. Cuboid
•
Articulates with anterior surface of calcaneus
5–7. Cuneiform bones
•
Medial, intermediate, lateral
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.19: Tarsals, metatarsals, and
phalanges
•
Metatarsals
•
Articulate with distal surfaces of cuboid and cuneiforms and
phalanges
•
Form distal portion of foot
•
Identified by Roman numerals I–V from medial to lateral
•
•
I–III articulate with cuneiform bones
•
IV & V articulate with cuboid
Phalanges (toe bones)
•
Same anatomical organization as fingers (14 bones)
•
Hallux (great toe) has two bones (proximal and distal)
•
All other toes have three bones (proximal, middle, distal)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The bones of the ankle and foot
The Ankle (Tarsus)
The ankle consists of seven
tarsal bones.
Calcaneus
Talus
Trochlea
Navicular
Cuboid
Cuneiform bones
Metatarsals
Articulations of the cuboid and the
cuneiform bones with the metatarsal
bones
V
IV
III
II
I
Metatarsal bones (designated I–V)
Proximal phalanx
Phalanges
Distal phalanx
Proximal, middle, and distal phalanges
Hallux
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.19
1
Module 7.19: Tarsals, metatarsals, and
phalanges
•
Arches of the foot
•
Longitudinal arch
•
Transfers weight between toes and calcaneus
•
Present because of ligaments and tendons
connecting calcaneus to distal portions of
metatarsals
•
Lateral (calcaneal) portion has much less curvature
than medial (talar) portion
•
Therefore, medial plantar surface elevated to allow passage
of inferior surface muscles, blood vessels, and nerves
•
Creates transverse arch
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
A lateral view of the right ankle and foot
Lateral surface
of the trochlea
Cuboid
bone
Navicular Cuneiform Metatarsal
bones
bone
bones (I–V)
Phalanges
Lateral
view
I
II
Attachment site for
the calcaneal tendon
(Achilles tendon)
III
IV
V
Figure 7.19
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
2
A medial view of the right ankle and foot
Phalanges
Medial
Navicular
cuneiform
bone
bone
Metatarsal
bones
Talus
Medial
view
I
Calcaneus
Longitudinal arch
Transverse arch
Figure 7.19
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
2
Module 7.19: Tarsals, metatarsals, and
phalanges
•
Arches of the foot (continued)
•
Congenital talipes equinovarus (clubfoot)
•
Arches fail to develop properly due to abnormal
muscle development
•
Tibia, ankle, and foot are affected
•
Longitudinal arches are exaggerated
•
Feet turn medially and inverted
•
Affects 1 in 1000 births
•
•
Twice as common in boys
Prompt treatment with casts or other supports can
alleviate
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Module 7.19 Review
a. Identify the tarsal bones.
b. Which foot bone transmits the weight of the
body from the tibia toward the toes?
c. While jumping off the back steps at his house,
10-year-old Joey lands on his right heel and
breaks his foot. Which foot bone is most likely
broken?
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.