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Earth’s Crust in Motion CH 5 Prentice Hall p.144-151 Stress(ed)? • Feeling stressed? No not the same stress, • Stress is the measure of the amount of force applied to a given area. • Deformation • Any change in the shape or volume of Earth’s crust. • The slow motion of Earth’s plates cause deformation. Effect on Rocks • The force that acts on a rock to change its shape or volume. • Stress is a force- it adds energy to the rock. • Energy is stored in the rock. Earthquakes • The shaking and trembling that results from the movement of rock beneath the Earth’s surface. Compression • Definition: squeezing • Effect on Rock: • Makes rock layers thicker and shorter • Associated Fault Type: – Reverse Fault • Associated Plate Boundary: – Convergent Boundary Tension • Definition: Pulling apart • Effect on Rock: – Stretches making rocks longer and thinner • Associated Fault Type: – Normal Fault • Associated Plate Boundary: – Divergent Boundary Shear • Definition: Moving in opposite directions – Think of shears or scissors • Effect on Rock: – Stress distorts the shapes of rocks. • Associated Fault Type: – Strike-Slip • Associated Plate Boundary: – Transform Faults • A fault is a break in the lithosphere • Usually occur along plate boundaries, where the motions of plates compress, pull or shear the crust so much that the crust breaks. • 3 Types of Faults – Strike Slip Fault – Normal Fault – Reverse Fault • Layers of Earth Menu Hanging Wall • Above the fault plane. Hanging (head) Wall Foot Wall Layers of Earth Menu Foot Wall • Below the fault plane Hanging (head) Wall Foot Wall Layers of Earth Menu Friction along Faults • How rocks move determines how much friction there is between opposite sides of the fault. • Friction- a force that opposes the motion of one surface as it moves across another. – It exist because surfaces are not perfectly smooth. Layers of Earth Menu Normal Fault • Hanging wall moves down. • Due to tensional forces. Layers of Earth Menu Reverse Fault • Hanging wall moves up. • Due to compressional forces. Layers of Earth Menu Strike-Slip Fault • Rocks on both sides of the fault, slide past each other • Shear- Forces • San Andres Fault Layers of Earth Menu Landforms • Topography- of an area is determined by is elevation , relief and its landform. • All landforms have elevation and relief. • A landform region is an area where the topography is similar Layers of Earth Menu Elevation • The height above sealevel on Earth’s surface. Layers of Earth Menu Relief • The difference between the highest point of elevation and the lowest parts of an area. • The slope of the land. – Mountains have high relief – Flat, rolling land- low relief Layers of Earth Menu Plateaus • Has high elevation and a flat surface. • Perfectly smooth on top. • May be really thick (1,500m), streams or rivers can cut through. Layers of Earth Menu Plains • Made up of flat or gently rolling land with low relief. – Coastal Plain- lie along the coast. – low elevation and relief. – Interior Plain- away from the coast, elevation can vary but relief is low. • Great Plains- the central US. Layers of Earth Menu Mountains • A landform with high elevation and relief. • Mountain Ranges- mountains usually occur in groups of mountains that are closely related in shape, structure and age. • Himalaya Mts • Appalachian Mts Layers of Earth Menu Mountain Building • Over millions of years, fault movement can change a flat plain into a towering mountain range. • Mountains are formed by: – Faulting – Folding Layers of Earth Menu Mountains formed From Faulting • Normal Faults uplift blocks of rock and the hanging wall drops. Layers of Earth Menu Mountains formed From Folding • When continental plates collide, stress can cause rock layers to fold. • Creates bends in the rock layers – Himalayas Mts. – Appalachian Mountains Layers of Earth Menu Anticline • A term used to describe folds in rocks – An upfold in the rock layers Layers of Earth Menu Syncline • Another term used to describe folds in rocks – A down fold Layers of Earth Menu Anticline/Syncline Layers of Earth Menu Anticline/Syncline Layers of Earth Menu