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Global 9R – Unit 2: Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia Exam Structure 35 Standard Multiple Choice 10 Vocabulary/Leader Matching 1 Primary Source Analysis Short Answer 1 Extended Response Question (CHOICE OF 2) Egyptian Civilization Nile River o Cataracts o Delta Region o Geographic location helps isolate Egypt. Lower Egypt vs. Upper Egypt United by Menes Old Kingdom o Pyramid Age o Vizier – chief minister of the Pharaoh Middle Kingdom o Pharaoh promotes public works like irrigation projects. o Social hierarchy firmly developed. o Hyksos invade and expose Egyptians to new weapons. New Kingdom o Hatshepsut Expanded Trade o Ramses II Military victories against the Hittites 1st peace treaty Lasting Contributions o Social hierarchy o Mummification – knowledge of the body o Geography – building of the pyramids o Polytheistic Religion – Amon Re, chief sun god. Osiris, god of the dead o Hieroglyphics (translated through use of the Rosetta Stone) Sumerian Civilization Floods (Tigris and Euphrates Rivers) Irrigation System Ziggurats City-states Social Hierarchy Polytheism Cuneiform Epic of Gilgamesh Empires in Mesopotamia Akkadian o Sargon (1st Empire Builder) Babylonian o Hammurabi and the Code of Hammurabi o Civil Laws vs. Criminal Laws o Nebuchadnezzar (Revival of Babylon) Hittites o Exposed the people of Mesopotamia to new weapons made of iron. o Cultural Diffusion Assyrians o Ashurbanipal o First Library at Nineveh (capital city of the Assyrian empire) Persians o Cyrus promotes religious and cultural tolerance. o Darius unites the Persian Empire and breaks up the empire into 20 provinces called satrapies. Each is run by a governor called a satrap. Established a series of royal roads that connected the empire and its peoples. Promoted the use of coined money money economy vs. barter economy o Zoroastrianism – one of the first monotheistic religions Phoenicians o Carriers of Civilization o Excellent seamen and sailors o Established many colonies along the Mediterranean coast of North Africa o Created the first alphabet based on phonetic sounds. Hebrews o Kingdom of Israel o David o Solomon Split into 2 separate kingdoms, Israel and Judah o Judaism Monotheism Covenant Ten Commandments Torah Prophets Ethics o Diaspora (dispersal of Jews throughout the world)