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Transcript
Mechanics Mechanics Kinematics Dynamics Force Fundamental Forces Comparing Contact and Field Forces Concept Check – Newton’s 1st Law A book is lying at rest on a table. The book will remain there at rest because: 1. there is a net force but the book has too much inertia 2. there are no forces acting on it at all 3. it does move, but too slowly to be seen 4. there is no net force (SF= 0) on the book 5. there is a net force, but the book is too heavy to move Concept Check – Newton’s 1st Law A book is lying at rest on a table. The book will remain there at rest because: 1. there is a net force but the book has too much inertia 2. there are no forces acting on it at all 3. it does move, but too slowly to be seen 4. there is no net force (SF= 0) on the book 5. there is a net force, but the book is too heavy to move There are forces acting on the book, but the only forces acting are in the y-direction. Gravity acts downward, but the table exerts an upward force that is equally strong, so the two forces cancel, leaving no net force. Concept Check – Newton’s 1st Law (2) A hockey puck slides on ice at constant velocity. What is the net force acting on the puck? 1. more than its weight 2. equal to its weight 3. less than its weight but more than zero 4. depends on the speed of the puck 5. zero Concept Check – Newton’s 1st Law (2) A hockey puck slides on ice at constant velocity. What is the net force acting on the puck? 1. more than its weight 2. equal to its weight 3. less than its weight but more than zero 4. depends on the speed of the puck 5. zero The puck is moving at a constant velocity, and therefore it is not accelerating. Thus, there must be no net force acting on the puck. Follow-up: Are there any forces acting on the puck? What are they? Concept Check – Newton’s 1st Law (3) You put your book on the bus seat next to you. When the bus stops suddenly, the book slides forward off the seat. Why? 1. a net force acted on it 2. no net force acted on it 3. it remained at rest 4. it did not move, but only seemed to 5. gravity briefly stopped acting on it Concept Check – Newton’s 1st Law (3) You put your book on the bus seat next to you. When the bus stops suddenly, the book slides forward off the seat. Why? 1. a net force acted on it 2. no net force acted on it 3. it remained at rest 4. it did not move, but only seemed to 5. gravity briefly stopped acting on it The book was initially moving forward (since it was on a moving bus). When the bus stopped, the book continued moving forward, which was its initial state of motion, and therefore it slid forward off the seat. Follow-up: What is the force that usually keeps the book on the seat? Concept Check – Newton’s 1st Law (4) You kick a smooth flat stone out on a frozen pond. The stone slides, slows down and eventually stops. You conclude that: 1. the force pushing the stone forward finally stopped pushing on it 2. no net force acted on the stone 3. a net force acted on it all along 4. the stone simply “ran out of steam” 5. the stone has a natural tendency to be at rest Concept Check – Newton’s 1st Law (4) You kick a smooth flat stone out on a frozen pond. The stone slides, slows down and eventually stops. You conclude that: 1. the force pushing the stone forward finally stopped pushing on it 2. no net force acted on the stone 3. a net force acted on it all along 4. the stone simply “ran out of steam” 5. the stone has a natural tendency to be at rest After the stone was kicked, no force was pushing it along! However, there must have been some force acting on the stone to slow it down and stop it. This would be friction. Newton’s First Law Newton’s First Law Concept Check – Newton’s First Law Consider a cart on a horizontal frictionless table. Once the cart has been given a push and released, what will happen to the cart? 1. slowly come to a stop 2. continue with constant acceleration 3. continue with decreasing acceleration 4. continue with constant velocity 5. immediately come to a stop Concept Check – Newton’s First Law Consider a cart on a horizontal frictionless table. Once the cart has been given a push and released, what will happen to the cart? 1. slowly come to a stop 2. continue with constant acceleration 3. continue with decreasing acceleration 4. continue with constant velocity 5. immediately come to a stop After the cart is released, there is no longer a force in the x-direction. This does not mean that the cart stops moving. It simply means that the cart will continue moving with the same velocity it had at the moment of release. The initial push got the cart moving, but that force is not needed to keep the cart in motion. Concept Check – Newton’s Second Law We just decided that the cart continues with constant velocity. What would have to be done in order to have the cart continue with constant acceleration? 1. push the cart harder before release 2. push the cart longer before release 3. push the cart continuously 4. change the mass of the cart 5. it is impossible to do that Concept Check – Newton’s Second Law We just decided that the cart continues with constant velocity. What would have to be done in order to have the cart continue with constant acceleration? 1. push the cart harder before release 2. push the cart longer before release 3. push the cart continuously 4. change the mass of the cart 5. it is impossible to do that In order to achieve a non-zero acceleration, it is necessary to maintain the applied force. The only way to do this would be to continue pushing the cart as it moves down the track. This will lead us to a discussion of Newton’s Second Law. Newton’s 2nd Law a SF SF ma 1 a m SF a m SFx max SFy ma y SF represents the vector sum of all external forces acting on the object, or the net force. Concept Check – Newton’s 3rd Law When you climb up a rope, the first thing you do is pull down on the rope. How do you manage to go up the rope by doing that?? 1. this slows your initial velocity, which is already upward 2. you don’t go up, you’re too heavy 3. you’re not really pulling down – it just seems that way 4. the rope actually pulls you up 5. you are pulling the ceiling down Concept Check – Newton’s 3rd Law When you climb up a rope, the first thing you do is pull down on the rope. How do you manage to go up the rope by doing that?? 1. this slows your initial velocity, which is already upward 2. you don’t go up, you’re too heavy 3. you’re not really pulling down – it just seems that way 4. the rope actually pulls you up 5. you are pulling the ceiling down When you pull down on the rope, the rope pulls up on you!! It is actually this upward force by the rope that makes you move up! This is the “reaction” force (by the rope on you) to the force that you exerted on the rope. And voilá, this is Newton’s 3rd Law. Newton’s Third Law Action and Reaction Forces If A acts on B, then B acts back on A Concept Check – Newton’s 3rd Law A small car collides with a large 1. the car truck. Which experiences the 2. the truck greater impact force? 3. both the same 4. it depends on the velocity of each 5. it depends on the mass of each Concept Check – Newton’s 3rd Law A small car collides with a large 1. the car truck. Which experiences the 2. the truck greater impact force? 3. both the same 4. it depends on the velocity of each 5. it depends on the mass of each Concept Check – Newton’s 3rd Law A small car collides with a large 1. the car truck. Which experiences the 2. the truck greater acceleration? 3. both the same 4. it depends on the velocity of each 5. it depends on the mass of each Concept Check – Newton’s 3rd Law A small car collides with a large 1. the car truck. Which experiences the 2. the truck greater acceleration? 3. both the same 4. it depends on the velocity of each 5. it depends on the mass of each We have seen that both vehicles experience the same magnitude of force. But the acceleration is given by F/m so the car has the larger acceleration, since it has the smaller mass. Concept Check – Newton’s 3rd Law In outer space, a bowling ball and a ping-pong ball attract each other due to gravitational forces. How do the magnitudes of these attractive forces compare? 1. the bowling ball exerts a greater force on the ping-pong ball 2. the ping-pong ball exerts a greater force on the bowling ball 3. the forces are equal 4. the forces are zero because they cancel out 5. there are actually no forces at all F12 F21 Concept Check – Newton’s 3rd Law In outer space, a bowling ball and a ping-pong ball attract each other due to gravitational forces. How do the magnitudes of these attractive forces compare? 1. the bowling ball exerts a greater force on the ping-pong ball 2. the ping-pong ball exerts a greater force on the bowling ball 3. the forces are equal 4. the forces are zero because they cancel out 5. there are actually no forces at all The forces are equal and opposite by Newton’s 3rd Law! F12 F21 Concept Check – Newton’s 3rd Law In outer space, a bowling ball and a ping-pong ball attract each other due to gravitational forces. How do the accelerations of the objects compare? 1. they do not accelerate because they are weightless 2. accelerations are equal, but not opposite 3. accelerations are opposite, but bigger for the bowling ball 4. accelerations are opposite, but bigger for the ping-pong ball 5. accelerations are equal and opposite F12 F21 Concept Check – Newton’s 3rd Law In outer space, a bowling ball and a ping-pong ball attract each other due to gravitational forces. How do the accelerations of the objects compare? 1. they do not accelerate because they are weightless 2. accelerations are equal, but not opposite 3. accelerations are opposite, but bigger for the bowling ball 4. accelerations are opposite, but bigger for the ping-pong ball 5. accelerations are equal and opposite The forces are equal and opposite -- this is Newton’s 3rd Law!! But acceleration is F/m and so the smaller mass has the bigger acceleration. F12 F21 Follow-up: Where will the balls meet if they are released from this position? Newton’s 2nd and 3rd Laws 2nd Law a= SF m 2nd Law SF a= m Car a= SF m Truck a= SF m You Earth SF a= m SF a= m Free Body Diagrams • • • • • Represent object with a dot Draw arrows to represent forces Label forces based on nature Draw vectors proportionately Show ONLY forces on ONE object Fn (normal force) Fk (force of kinetic friction) Fa (applied force = pull) Fg (force of gravity) Common Forces to Consider Fg = mg Gravity Fg (force of gravity) Normal Fn (force of surface on object) Friction Fk or s (force of friction - kinetic or static) Push and Pull Fa (applied force = push or pull) Tension FT (force due to rope or chain) g = 9.81 m/s2 Free Body Diagrams FT FT,1 FT,2 Fg Fg FT,1 Fg FT,2 Fg Newton’s 2nd Law a SF SF ma 1 a m SF a m SFx max SFy ma y SF represents the vector sum of all external forces acting on the object, or the net force. Solving Problems involving Force and Motion 1. Given • List Variables • Draw a Free Body Diagram (FBD) 2. Unknown • Identify the unknown variable 3. Equation • Newton’s Laws (2nd or 1st) • Write out equation from the FBD • Solve for the Unknown Net Force equations from Free Body Diagrams Description FBD Net Force Equations SFx 0 Falling, no air resistance SF y Fg ma y Fg (force of gravity) Fr (force of air resistance) Falling through air, speeding up SFx 0 SF y Fg (force of gravity) Fg Fr ma y Air Resistance Fair resistance v 2 Net Force equations from Free Body Diagrams Description FBD Net Force Equations Fr (force of air resistance) Falling at Terminal Velocity SFx 0 SF y Fg Fr ma y 0 Fg (force of gravity) Fr (force of air resistance) Falling, but slowing SFx 0 SF y Fg (force of gravity) Fg Fr ma y Net Force equations from Free Body Diagrams Description FBD Net Force Equations FT (tension in rope) Elevator at rest SFx 0 SF y FT Fg 0 Fg (force of gravity) Elevator moving up or down at constant velocity FT (tension in rope) SFx 0 SF y Fg (force of gravity) FT Fg 0 Net Force equations from Free Body Diagrams Description FBD Net Force Equations FT (tension in rope) Elevator moving up, speeding up SFx 0 SF y FT Fg ma y Fg (force of gravity) Elevator moving up, slowing down FT (tension in rope) SFx 0 SF y Fg (force of gravity) FT Fg ma y Net Force equations from Free Body Diagrams Description FBD Elevator moving down, speeding up FT Net Force Equations SFx 0 SF y Fg FT ma y Fg FT Elevator moving down, slowing SFx 0 Fg SF y Fg FT ma y Sample An elevator of mass _____ kg is slowing as it nears its final destination going up. If the tension in the rope is ______ N, determine the elevator’s acceleration. (2 force vectors) G: m FT g FT Fg U: a ? E: SF y ay S: FT Fg ma y FT Fg m FT mg m (since Fg mg ) S: All of the problems in this section are without numbers because the focus is on the skill of constructing a well-reasoned solution rather than simply obtaining a correct numerical answer. Once you solve some of the problems, we will include some numbers in class. Problems – 2 The ball from Q1 is falling straight down, but now consider that there is a ____N force or air resistance. Draw an FBD and determine the mass’s acceleration. (2 force vectors) G: U: E: S: Fg a ? SF y ay S: Fr m g Fr Fg Fr ma y Fg Fr m mg Fr m Problems – 3 An elevator (mass = ____kg) is held at rest from a vertical cable. Determine the tension in the cable. (2 force vectors) G: m g FT ay 0 m s2 Fg U: FT ? E: SF y FT Fg ma y 0 FT Fg 0 S: S: FT Fg mg Net Force equations from Free Body Diagrams Description FBD Net Force Equations Fn SFx 0 At rest on a surface or sliding with no friction SF y Fn Fg 0 Fg Fn Pushed on a surface Fa SFx Fa max SF y Fg Fn Fg 0 Friction Sliding friction is electrostatic. The force of friction depends on only 2 factors: • The texture of the surfaces in contact (coefficient of friction - 𝜇) • The force pushing the surfaces together (normal force - 𝐹𝑛 ) Friction can be: • Static (prevents an object from sliding) • Kinetic (acts while an object is sliding) In general, Static > Kinetic Friction The force of friction is simply the product of the coefficient of friction and the normal force. F f Fn Static friction ranges in value up to a maximum: FS ,max s Fn Kinetic friction has a constant value of: Fk k Fn Coefficients of Friction You will find this table in your text on p. 138. Friction Forces in Free-Body Diagrams In free-body diagrams, the force of friction is always parallel to the surface of contact. Kinetic friction is always opposite the direction of motion. Static friction must point in the direction that results in a net force of zero. Not moving Fn Fn Fa Fk (kinetic friction) Fg If moving, kinetic friction opposes motion Fa FS (static friction) Fg If not moving, static friction is in a direction that provides equilibrium Net Force Equations From Free Body Diagrams Description Sliding and slowing due to friction FBD Net Force Equations Fn SFx Fk max Fk (kinetic friction) Fg Fk max k Fn max SF y Fn Fg 0 Fn Fg Net Force equations from Free Body Diagrams Description Pushed on a surface with friction FBD Net Force Equations Fn Fk or Fs SFx Fa Fk or s max Fa Fg SF y Fn Fg 0 Fn Fg Sample Problem m = 55 kg Fa = 19 N to set in motion g = 9.81 m/s2 ax = 0 ay = 0 s = ? s Fs ,max Fn Fa Fs ,max Fg Fn SFx Fa Fs ,max 0 SF Fs ,max Fa s Fs ,max Fn s 0.035 19 N Fa 55 kg 9.81m s 2 mg Fn Fg 0 Fn Fg mg (since Fg mg ) y Problem – 10 A box of mass ______ kg is at rest on a horizontal floor. If the coefficient of static friction is ____, find the force needed to make the box begin moving. (4 force vectors) G: Fn m g s ax 0 ay 0 Fa Fs Fg U: Fa ? E: SFx Fa Fs 0 Fa Fs Fa s Fn (since Fs s Fn ) Fa s mg SF y Fn Fg 0 Fn Fg mg (since Fg mg ) Net Force equations from Free Body Diagrams Description Pushed down at an angle on a surface (no friction) FBD Net Force Equations Fn Fa Fg SFx Fa , x max Fn Fg SFx Fa cos max Fa cos Fa sin Fa SF y Fn Fa , y Fg 0 Fn Fa sin Fg 0 Net Force equations from Free Body Diagrams Description Pulled up at an angle no friction FBD Fn Net Force Equations Fa Fg Fn Fa SFx Fa , x max Fa sin Fa cos Fg SFx Fa cos max SF y Fn Fa , y Fg 0 Fn Fa sin Fg 0 Net Force equations from Free Body Diagrams Description FBD Net Force Equations Fn Pulled up at an angle with friction Fa Fk Fa sin Fa cos SFx Fa , x Fk max Fa cos Fk max SF y Fg Fn Fa , y Fg 0 Fn Fa sin Fg 0 Fn Pushed down at an angle with friction Fk Fg Fa cos Fa sin Fa SFx Fa cos Fk max SF y Fn Fa sin Fg 0 Solving Problems using Newton’s Laws Given Include Free Body Diagram Choose + direction Unknown Equations ΣF = ma (or ΣF = 0 ) Fk = μkFn (or Fs = μsFn) Fg = mg Use components if necessary Solve system of equations if necessary Substitute only at the end Significant Figures Fn Fa Fk Fg +→ Σ𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹𝑎 − 𝐹𝑘 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 +↑ Σ𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹𝑛 − 𝐹𝑔 = 𝑚𝑎𝑦 𝐹𝑘 = 𝜇𝑘 𝐹𝑛 𝐹𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔 Chapter Sample Problem4 Fn m Fa Fn Fa k Fk g ay = 0 ax = ? Fg SFx Fa cos Fk max ax Fa cos Fk m Fk Fa sin Fa cos Fa , y Fa sin (upward) Fg Fa , x Fa cos (to the right) SF F cos k Fn (since Fk k Fn ) ax a m Fa cos k mg Fa sin ax m y Fn Fa sin Fg 0 Fn Fg Fa sin Fn mg Fa sin (since Fg mg ) Problem – 12 An already-sliding hockey puck of mass _______ grams is pushed horizontally by a hockey stick with a force of _______ N in the direction of its motion. The coefficient of kinetic friction is ______. Find the acceleration of the puck. (4 force vectors) G: Fn m g Fa k ay 0 U: E: Fa Fk Fg ax ? SFx Fa Fk max Fa Fk Fa k Fn (since F F ) k k n ax m m ax Fa k mg m SF y Fn Fg 0 Fn Fg mg (since Fg mg ) Problem – 18 A box of mass ______ kg is moving along a horizontal floor at a constant velocity of ______ m/s to the right. A girl is pushing down-and-to-the-right on the box with a force of ______ N @ ______ degrees below the horizontal. Find the coefficient of kinetic friction. (4 force vectors) G: m g Fa ax 0 ay 0 U: E: Fn Fk Fa cos Fg Fa sin Fa k ? SFx Fa cos Fk 0 SF y Fn Fa sin Fg 0 Fk Fa cos Fn Fa sin Fg k Fn Fa cos (since Fk k Fn ) Fa cos F cos k a Fa sin mg Fn Fn Fa sin mg (since Fg mg ) Objects on an Incline y y y Fn Fn Fn Fk Fk 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 Fg Fk x Fg x x 𝜃 Fg X-axis is parallel to surface; y-axis is to surface. Force of gravity is straight down Normal force is to the surface (and will no longer be opposite to gravity) The angle of the incline is equal to the angle between gravity and y-axis • Find and use the components of gravity Friction (when present) will always be along x-axis Net Force equations from Free Body Diagrams Description FBD Net Force Equations y Fn Sliding down an incline (no friction) SFx Fg , x max SFx Fg sin max Fg , x Fg , y x Fg SF y Fn Fg , y 0 SFy Fn Fg cos 0 y Fn Fg cos Fg cos F g Fg sin x Net Force equations from Free Body Diagrams Description FBD Net Force Equations y Sliding down an incline with friction Fn Fk SFx Fg , x Fk max SFx Fg sin Fk max Fg , x Fg , y x Fg SF y Fn Fg , y 0 SFy Fn Fg cos 0 y Fn Fg cos Fg cos Fg Fg sin x Sample A _____ kg child-and-sled combination is sliding down a snowy slope at ____ degrees below the horizontal. If the coefficient of kinetic friction is ____, what is the acceleration? (3 force vectors) G: y m g Fk k y Fn Fk Fg sin ay 0 x Fg U: ax ? E: SFx Fg sin Fk max ax Fg sin Fk m (since F Fg sin k Fn m Fg cos SF y Fg x Fn Fg cos 0 Fn Fg cos mg cos k ax Fn k Fn ) (since Fg mg ) mg sin k mg cos g sin k g cos m