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Transcript
Ecosystems Living Things in Ecosystems Chapter 2 Case Study • Borneo – 1955 – World Health Organization used DDT to kill malaria-carrying mosquitoes – Also killed wasps – Wasps eat local caterpillars – Caterpillars ate thatch roofs – DDT infected roaches were eaten by geckos – Gave the geckos nerve damage slow reflexes – http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2636426/ Case Study – Geckos eaten by house cats – Cats ingested DDT and began to die – Rats moved from forests to town – Fleas live on rats – The fleas carried the bacteria that cause the plague – Healthy cats had to be parachuted into Borneo to deal with rat population What is an Ecosystem? • The dynamic and interrelating complex of plant and animal communities and their associated non-living environment • Communities and their abiotic environment • Examples? • Have no distinct boundaries – Ecotone • Area where two ecosystems overlap • Movement between ecosystems – Examples? What is an Ecosystem? • Has both Biotic and Abiotic factors – Biotic • Living parts of an ecosystem –Plants, animals, microorganisms –Complex interactions between them – Abiotic • Non-living parts of an ecosystem –Temperature, sunlight, humidity, water supply, soil type, mineral nutrients Organization • Organism – One individual living thing • Animal or plant • Species – A group of organisms that are able to reproduce together • Individuals resemble one another • Population – Individuals of the same species living together in a particular place at a given time Organization • Community – A group of interacting populations – All populations make up communities – Land communities are dominated by plants • Ecosystem • Biosphere – Areas of planet where life exists – Composed of many ecosystems Niche and Habitat • Niche – All of an organism’s relationships with its environment, both living and non-living • Its “profession” • Reproductive habits • Active time of day • Habitat – The actual place that an organism lives • Its “address” Niches by Location Coastal Niches How Species Interact • Symbiosis: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSmL2F1t81Q • Predation – One organism kills and eats another • Predator • Prey • Tends to have little effect on prey populations –Predators eat whatever is abundant How Species Interact • Competition – When species attempt to use the same limited resource • Animal or plant • Competing species don’t necessarily have to come in contact with one another • Not always competing for food How Species Interact • Parasitism – One organism benefits while the other is harmed • Parasite –Lives on or in another organism (the host) and feeds on it without immediately killing it –Tends to weaken the host »Vulnerable to predators Parasites How Species Interact • Mutualism – A cooperative partnership between two species • Both benefit, neither is harmed • Commensalism – One species benefits while the other is neither helped or harmed – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBR_w20LiQ – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fkzUziLiiDM