Download YOU MUST KNOW… excerpts taken from Pearson Test Prep Series

YOU MUST KNOW… excerpts taken from Pearson Test Prep Series.
Chemistry of Life ch. 2
 The three subatomic particles and their significance.
 The types of chemical bonds, how they form and their relative strengths.
Water & Life ch. 3
 The importance of hydrogen bonding to the properties of water
 Four unique properties of water, and how each contributes to life on Earth.
 How to interpret the pH scale
 How changes in pH can alter biological systems
 The importance of buffers in biological systems
Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life ch 4
 The properties of carbon that make it so important
The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
 The role of dehydration reactions in the formation of organic compounds and
hydrolysis in the digestion of organic compounds
 How to recognize the four biologically important organic compounds
(carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) by their structural
formulas.
 The cellular functions of the four groups of organic compounds
 The four structural levels of proteins and how changes at any level can affect
the activity of the proteins
 How proteins reach their final shape (conformation), the denaturing impact
that heat and pH can have on protein structure, and how these changes may
affect the organism.
A Tour of the Cell
 Three differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
 The structure and function of organelles common to plant and animal cells.
 The structure and function of organelles found only in plant cells or only in
animal cells.
Membrane Structure and Function
 Why membranes are selectively permeable
 The role of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates in membranes.
 How water will move if a cell is placed in an isotonic, hypertonic or hypotonic
solution and be able to predict the effect of different environments on the
organism
 How electrochemical gradients are formed and function in cells
Intro to Metabolism
 Examples of endergonic and exergonic reactions.
 The key role of ATP in energy coupling
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That enzymes work by lowering the energy of activation.
The catalytic cycle of an enzyme that results in the production of a final
product
Factors that influence enzyme activity.
Cell Communication
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The three stages of cell communication: reception, transduction, and
response.
How G protein-coupled receptors receive cell signals and start transduction.
How receptor tyrosine kinases receive cell signals and start transduction.
How a cell signal is amplified by a phosphorylation cascade.
How a cell response in the nucleus turns on genes, whereas in the cytoplasm
it activates enzymes.
What apoptosis means and why it is important to normal functioning of
multicellular organisms.
The Cell Cycle
 The structure of the duplicated chromosome.
 The cell cycle and stages of mitosis
 The role of kinases and cyclin in the regulation of the cell cycle
 The role of mitosis in the distribution of genetic information
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
 The summary equation of cellular respiration.
 The difference between fermentation and cellular respiration
 The role of glycolysis in oxidizing glucose to two molecules of pyruvate
 The process that brings pyruvate from the cytosol into the mitochondria and
introduces it into the citric acid cycle.
 How the process of chemiosmosis utilizes the electrons from NADH and
FADH2 to produce ATP.
Photosynthesis
 The summary equation of photosynthesis including the source and fate of the
reactants and products
 How leaf and chloroplast anatomy relates to photosynthesis
 How PS convert solar energy to chemical energy.
 How linear electron flow in the light reactions results in the formation of
ATP, NADPH, and O2
 How chemiosmosis generates ATP in the light reactions.
 How the Calvin cycle uses the energy molecules of the light reaction to
produce G3P
Mendelian Genetics
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The difference between asexual and sexual reproduction
The role of meiosis and fertilization in sexually reproducing organisms.
The importance of homologous chromosomes to meiosis
How the chromosome number is reduced from diploid to haploid through the
stages of meiosis
Three important differences between mitosis and meiosis
The importance of crossing over, independent assortment, and random
fertilization to increasing genetic variability.
Mendel and the Gene Idea
 Terms associated with genetics problems: P, F1, F2, dominant, recessive,
homozygous, heterozygous, phenotype, and genotype
 How to derive the proper gametes when working a genetics problem.
 The difference between an allele and a gene
 How to read a pedigree
 How to use data sets to determine Mendelian patterns of inheritance.
The Molecular Basis of Inheritance ch 16
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The structure of DNA.
The knowledge about DNA gained from the work of Watson, Crick, Wilkins,
and Franklin; Avery, MacLeod, and Mc Carty; and Hershey and Chase.
The major steps of replication
The difference between replication, transcription, and translation.
The general differences between the bacterial chromosomes and eukaryotic
chromosomes.
How DNA packaging can affect gene expression.
From Gene to Protein ch 17
 The key terms gene expression, transcription, and translation
 The major events of transcription
 How eukaryotic cells modify RNA after transcription.
 The steps to translation
 How mutations can change the amino acid sequence of a protein.
Regulation of Gene Expression ch 18
 The function of the three parts of an operon.
 The role of repressor genes in operons
 The impact of DNA methylation and histone acetylation on gene expression
 The role of gene regulation in embryonic development and cancer
Viruses ch 19
 The components of a virus
 The difference between lytic and lysogenic cycles
Biotechnology ch 20
 The terminology of biotechnology.
 The steps in gene cloning with special attention to the biotechnology tools
that make cloning possible.
 The key ideas that make PCR possible
 How gel electrophoresis can be used to separate DNA fragments or protein
molecules.
Genomes and Their Evolution ch 21
 How prokaryotic genomes compare to eukaryotic genomes
 The activity and role of transposable elements and retrotransposons.
 How evo-devo relates to our understanding of he evolution of genomes.
 The role of homeotic genes and homeoboxes.
Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life ch 22
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How Lamarck’s view of the mechanism of evolution differed from Darwin’s.
Several examples of evidence for evolution
The difference between structures that are homologous and those that are
analogous, and how this relates to evolution.
The role of adaptations, variation, time, reproductive success, and heritability
in evolution
The Evolution of Populations ch 23
 How mutation and sexual reproduction each produce genetic variation
 The conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
 How to use the Hardy-Weinberg equation to calculate allele frequencies and
to test whether a population is evolving
The Origin of Species ch 24
 The biological concept of species
 Prezygotic and postzygotic barriers that maintain reproductive isolation in
natural populations
 How allopatric and sympatric speciation are similar and different
 How an autopolyploid or an allopolyploid chromosomal change can lead to
sympatric speciation
 How punctuated equilibrium and gradualism describe two different tempos
of speciation
The History of Life on Earth ch 25
 A scientific hypothesis about the origin of life on Earth
 The age of the Earth and when prokaryotic and eukaryotic life emerged
 Characteristics of the early planet and its atmosphere
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How Miller and Urey tested the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis and what they
learned.
Methods used to date fossils and rocks and how fossil evidence contributes
to our understanding of changes in life on Earth
Evidence for endosymbiosis
How continental drift can explain the current distribution of species
(biogeography).
How extinction events open habitats that may result in adaptive radiation.
Ch 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life
 The taxonomic categories and how they indicated relatedness
 How systematic is used to develop phylogenetic trees.
 The three domains of life including their similarities and their differences
Ch 27: Bacteria and Archaea
 The key ways in which prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes with respect to
genome, membrane-bound organelles, size, and reproduction
 Mechanisms that contribute to genetic diversity in prokaryotes, including
transformation, conjugation, transduction, and mutation.
Ch 28:Protists
The new curriculum framework does not include specific information that you must
know, but we suggest that you understand have a brief background on 28.1 know
the role of protists with regards to endosymbiosis
Ch 36 Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants
 The role of passive transport, active transport, and cotransport in plant
transport
 The role of diffusion, active transport, and bulk flow in the movement of
water and nutrients in plants.
 How the transpiration cohesion-tension mechanism explains water
movement in plants.
 How pressure flow explains translocation.
This chapter will tie together the concepts from BI 2 an BI 4. Information that you
have learned about transport across membranes will be applied in movement of
materials through plants. Focus on integrating your content and knowledge. Connect
lab 11 transpiration with this chapter!
Ch 39 Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals
 The three steps to a signal transduction pathway
 The role of auxin in plants
 How phototropism and photoperiodism uses changes in the environment to
modify plant growth and behavior
 How plants respond to attacks by herbivores and pathogens
Ch 40 Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function
 The importance of homeostasis and examples
 How feedback systems control homeostasis
 One example of positive feedback and one of negative feedback
Homeostasis is a fundamental concept in biology. You should concentrate on
knowing how any change in a system affects it, from the level of cells through an
ecosystem. Structure fits function is a major theme in AP biology and has been
used as the basis for many essay questions. The red blood cell, is an excellent
example of correlation of structure and function.
 Know how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood
Ch 43 Immune System: The immune system is one of three human systems that is
explicitly included in the Curriculum Framework. As you work through this chapter,
pay particular attention to the ways cells communicate with each other to maintain
defense.
 Several elements of an innate immune response
 The differences between B and T cells relative to their activation and actions
 How antigens are recognized by immune system cells
 The differences in humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
 Why helper T cells are central to immune responses
Ch 45: Hormones and the Endocrine System: The endocrine system is one of three
human systems that is explicitly included in the Curriculum framework. Feedback
systems control the release of hormones, so you will want to be familiar with a couple
of specific hormones and their regulation.
 How hormones bind to target receptors and trigger specific pathways.
 The secretion, target, action, and regulation of at least two hormones.
 An illustration of both positive and negative feedback in the regulation of
homeostasis by hormones.
 Hormonal control of menstruation is full of examples of feedback and shows
how hormones circulate in the blood affecting target tissues, this is a good
process to understand in detail.
Ch 48: Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling
 The anatomy of a neuron
 The mechanisms of impulse transmission in a neuron
 The process that leads to release of neurotransmitter, and what happens at
the synapse.
Ch 49: Nervous System
 How the vertebrate brain integrates information which leads to an
appropriate response
 Different regions of the brain have different functions: You are not expected
to know each region and its function but should have a firm grasp of an
illustrative example.
The mechanism of impulse transmission in a neuron (concepts 48.3 and 48.4 and the
mechanism of muscle contraction (concept 50.5) both involve cell signaling, specific
activities of many organelles, and therefore integrate many areas of your course.
Ch 51: Animal Behavior
 How behaviors are the result of natural selection
 How innate behavior and various types of learning increase fitness
 How organisms use communication to increase fitness
 Various forms of animal communication
 The role of altruism and inclusive fitness in kin selection
Ch 52: An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere
 The role of abiotic factors in the formation of biomes
 How biotic and abiotic factors affect the distribution of biomes
 How changes in these factors may alter ecosystems
Ch 53: Population Ecology
 How density, dispersion, and demographics can describe a population.
 The differences between exponential and logistic models of population
growth
 How density-dependent and density-independent factors can control
population growth
Ch 54 Community Ecology
 The difference between a fundamental niche and a realized niche.
 The role of competitive exclusion in interspecific competition.
 The symbiotic relationships of parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism.
 The difference between primary and secondary succession
Ch 55 Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology
 How energy flows through the ecosystem by understanding the terms in bold
that relate to food chains and food webs
 The difference between gross primary productivity and net primary
productivity.
 The carbon and nitrogen biogeochemical cycles.
 Biogeochemical cycles such as the carbon and nitrogen cycles and how they
may impact individual organisms and/or populations and ecosystems.
Ch 56: Conservation Biology and Global Change
 The value of biodiversity and the major human threats to it.
 How human activity is changing the earth