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Unit One: Atoms & Elements
An Introduction to Chemistry
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In this unit, we are going to be
looking at some of the basic
principles of chemistry. So we
need to know… what is chemistry?
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Chemistry is the study of the
structure, composition, and
properties of matter as well as the
changes that matter undergoes.
In other words, chemistry deals with:
1) What things are made of (matter)
2) Properties of matter (characteristics)
3) How matter interacts (chemical reactions)
4) Energy changes (energy is released or absorbed)
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What is matter?
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•
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Matter is defined as anything that has mass and
takes up space (volume).
Mass is the amount of matter in a substance or
object (usually measured in grams or kilograms)
Volume is the amount of space a substance or
object occupies (measured in litres or millilitre)
There are 3 forms (states) of
matter:
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•
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Solid ex: table, desk, chair, etc.
Liquid ex: water, vinegar, milk
Gas
ex: air, steam (water vapour)
The Particle Theory of Matter
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
All matter is made of extremely tiny particles
(atoms)
Each pure substance (element) is made of just
one kind of particle
Particles attract or repel each other
Particles are always in motion
The temperature of the particles controls how
much they move about
Using Properties to Classify
Matter
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All matter can be classified as
either a mixture or a pure
substance.
Pure substances
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Made up of only one kind of
particle
have definite properties that are
always the same, such as melting
point, boiling point, density, etc.
Example
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Water is the same substance,
regardless of whether it is
frozen (ice), liquid, or gas
(water vapour.) It always has
the same properties.
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Pure substances are either elements or
compounds.
Elements cannot be broken down into simpler
components.
Compounds cannot be broken down by physical
means but they can be broken down chemically
into simpler components.
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Mixtures contain at least two pure
substances.
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If you can see different substances in a
mixture, it is called a mechanical mixture.
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A mixture in which different part are visible
can also be called heterogeneous.
Examples
1) Pizza – you can see all the toppings
2) Cereal – a mechanical mixture of
cereal and milk
3) Soil – you can see dirt, leaves,
twigs, pebbles
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If a mixture does not have the different
substances visible this is called a
solution.
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One substance is dissolved in another
creating a uniform mixture
A mixture that does not have different
parts visible is also called
homogeneous.
Examples
1) Jello (water, sugar, jelly powder
but you can’t distinguish one from
the other when they are mixed.)
2) Gatorade
3) Salt water
Review
Matter
Pure
Substances
Elements
Compounds
Mixtures
Heterogeneous
Mechanical
Mixtures
Homogeneous
Solutions
Understanding Matter
from Cultural Perspectives
earth
wind
earth
water
fire
• The Medicine Wheel is
a sacred circle that
some First Nations and
Metis peoples use to
help them understand
the world around them.
Understanding Matter
from Cultural Perspectives
earth
wind
earth
water
fire
• A Medicine Wheel
connects everything in
the universe together
into one whole giving
First Nations and Metis
people a holistic view of
the world.
Understanding Matter
from Cultural Perspectives
earth
wind
earth
water
fire
• Many First Nations
communities understand
the composition of the
physical world in terms
of four elements; fire,
water, wind and rock.
Understanding Matter from
Cultural Perspectives
In the Nakawe creation story, the four elements arose as the
Mother’s Spirit that gave birth to the physical universe.
 Fire – the initial Spirit of Mother Earth and is the power
of the woman Spirit that creates the physical world.
 Rock – formed from fire.
o Responsible for shaping and creating Mother Earth.
 Wind – came from the life forces in the rock.
 Water – created as the rock cooled, and fog condensed.
Source: Loomis, Mary, Dancing The Wheel of Psychological Types,Chiron Pub., 1991,
Wilmette, III.
Please read page 121-127 in
your textbook.
Then complete questions 1-9
on page 127.