Download CARDIOVASCULAR Brings O2 and nutrients to all body

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Brings O2 and nutrients to all body cells and removes
wastes.
CHAPTER 13
INTRO VIDEO TO THE HEART
Anatomy of the Heart: Blood Flow and Parts
Videos/Songs
Blood Flow Song
Path of Blood Song
Cardiovascular Song
Part 1 Bill Nye "The Heart"
Web Quest
PATH OF BLOOD FLOW THROUGH HEART
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Superior & Inferior
vena cava
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve (A-V valve)
Right ventricle
Pulmonary valve
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary arteries (away)
Lungs
Pulmonary veins (towards)
Left atrium
Bicuspid valve (A-V valve)
Left ventricle
Aortic valve
Aorta
Your body
Superior/Inferior Vena Cava
Right Atrium
Tricuspid Valve
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary Valve  Pul. Trunk  Pul. Artery
Lungs (deoxygenated blood becomes oxygenated)
Pulmonary Veins
Left Atrium
Bicuspid Valve
Left Ventricle
Aortic Valve  Aorta
Your Body
HEART
• Hollow, cone-shaped, muscular pump
• Located in the pericardial/thoracic cavity (contains
serous fluid to reduce friction), rests on the diaphragm
• Lined by a serous membrane called the pericardium
• 3 layers
– Epicardium-outer layer that protects heart
– Myocardium-thick middle layer of cardiac muscle that
forces blood out the heart chambers
– Endocardium-inner layer that contains blood vessels
that attach to the heart
• 4 chambers
– Atria: upper 2 chambers that have thin walls and
receive blood returning to heart
– Ventricles: lower 2 chambers that have thick walls
and receive blood from atria then contract to
force blood out of heart
• Interventricular Septum-solid wall that separates the
heart into left and right halves
• Coronary arteries-supply blood to the hearts tissues
(the 1st 2 branches of the aorta)
• Cardiac veins& Coronary sinus: blood returns to the
right atrium through these
• Atrioventricular valves (A-V Valves): tricuspid/bicuspid
• Semilunar valves: pulmonary/aortic
BLOOD VESSELS
Artery
arteriole
(away from heart)
capillary
*site of nutrient,
gas, and waste exchange
venule
vein
(back to heart)
• Closed system of blood circulation (blood flows in vessels)
– Pulmonary circuit: sends deoxygenated blood to lungs
– Systemic circuit: sends oxygenated blood and nutrients to all body
cells and removes wastes
• The heart pumps 7,000 liters of blood through the body
each day, contracting some 2.5 billion times in an average
lifetime.
• 14cm long/9 cm wide (2nd-5th rib)
Blood vessels
arteries
veins
artery
arterioles
venules
arterioles
capillaries
venules
veins
BLOOD VESSELS
- Arteries: carries blood away from heart
- Arterioles: thinner tubes of arteries
- Tunica interna: prevents blood clotting/regulates flow
- Tunica media: bulk of arterial wall
- Tunica externa: attaches arteries to tissue
- Capillaries: smallest blood vessels that exchange gases
- Veins: carries blood to the heart
- Venules: thinner tubes of veins that function as blood
reservoirs
Vasoconstriction: smooth muscles contract/reduces
diameter – FASTER FLOW
Vasodilation: smooth muscles relax/increases
diameter – SLOWER FLOW
Exercise increases oxygen delivery!
In order to increase heart size by 40%, you must
exercise 3 times a week, 30 minutes at 70-85% heart
rate.
Arteries & Veins
CARDIAC CYCLE
• The events of one complete heart beat (1 contraction
& relaxation) that lasts about .8 sec.
• Both atria contract while ventricles are relaxing.
• Both atria relax while ventricles are contracting.
• Pressure within the chambers rises and falls causing the
valves to open and close.
• When ventricular pressure exceeds atrial pressure, the
AV valves open.
• Papillary muscles contract and pull chordate tendineae
to open and close the valves. They aid in preventing
back flow of blood.
• Heart beat sound: lub-dup
• Lub occurs when the AV valves (tricuspid/bicuspid) are
closing (ventricle contracts)
• Dup occurs when the semilunar valves
(pulmonary/aortic) are closing (ventricle relaxes)
• Cardiac conduction system coordinates the events of
the cardiac cycle (heart beat).
• S-A node (sinoatrial node) or pacemaker
• upper right atrium
• generate the hearts rhythmic contractions
• 70 – 80 times/minute (in adult)
• A-V node  A-V bundle  Purkinje fibers
Conducting System of Heart
An Electrocardiogram
• Electrocardiogram (ECG): recording of the
electrical changes that occur in the
myocardium during the cardiac cycle.
- Recording of electrical charges in myocardium during
cardiac cycle
- P wave = depolarization of atrial fibers
- QRS complex = depolarization of ventricular fibers
- T wave = repolarization of atrial fibers
ECG cont…
• S-A node triggers a cardiac impulse, atrial
fibers depolarize (contraction), producing an
electrical charge.
• Ventricle walls are thicker causing a greater
electrical charge.
• Adult heart rate 60-100 beats per minute.
Well trained athlete 40-60 bpm.
• Heart rate influences
• Emotional upset, anxiety
• Temperature change
• Ion changes (K+, Ca+2)
Cardiac Output
Cardiac Output Video
CO = SV x HR What do each of these abbreviations
stand for?
What determines the SV?
*
*
*
How to take blood pressure?
BLOOD PRESSURE
• Force blood exerts against the blood vessel walls. Specifically,
pressure in arteries supplied by branches of the aorta.
• Forces blood throughout the body.
• Blood vessels walls are constructed to adequately carry blood
(pg. 358)
• Artery
Highest pressure
arteriole
capillary
venule
vein
Lowest pressure
• Cut an artery, blood squirts out; cut a vein, blood flows out
• Contraction of the human heart creates enough pressure to
squirt blood 30 ft.
• Vasoconstriction – smooth muscles contract/reduces
diameter/increases blood flow
• Vasodilation – smooth muscles relax/increases diameter/decreases
blood flow
Blood Pressure cont..
• Systolic pressure: maximum pressure in the arteries
during ventricular contraction.
• Diastolic pressure: lowest pressure remaining in the
arteries before the next ventricular contraction.
• Average blood pressure 120/80
Arterial Pulse
Temporal
Facial
Carotid
Brachial
radial
femoral
popliteal
posterior tibial
dorsalis pedis
systolic/diastolic
Major Pulse Points
Blood Pressure
ventricles
fill
How is this
reflected in blood
pressure
measurements?
systolic
________
diastolic
chambers fill
pump
(peak pressure)
_________________
110
________
fill (minimum pressure) 80
ventricles
pump
• Factors that influence blood pressure
• Stroke volume: amount of blood discharged from
ventricle with each contraction
• Blood volume: sum of all blood components
• Peripheral resistance: friction b/w the blood and
blood vessel walls
• Viscosity: consistency of blood
Events of Respiration:
1.
2.
3.
Gas exchange between the blood and the air
in the lungs (diffusion)
Gas transport in blood between the lungs and
body cells
Gas exchange between the blood and the cells
(cellular respiration)
How does cellular
respiration occur?
-
The trachea (windpipe) traps particles and filters
air as it travels to the bronchial tree
The bronchial tree divides into smaller branches
that lead to the alveoli within each lung
The tree distributes the air to the alveoli which are
lined with capillary networks
The alveoli tissue is so thin that oxygen diffuses
into the blood and the carbon dioxide diffuses
into the alveoli
Alveoli are small air sacs that are lined with
simple squamous epithelium tissue, which
allow for the pressure differences of gases
(O2 and CO2) to diffuse through the
membranes
Trachea
Bronchioles
Bronchii
Bronchioles
Alveoli ducts
Alveoli sacs
Alveoli
Lungs
•
•
•
•
•
Soft, spongy, cone-shaped
Suspended in thoracic cavity by bronchus
and blood vessels
Visceral pleura; parietal pleura; pleural
cavity
Right lung – larger, 3 lobes
Left lung - 2 lobes
CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS
• Tachycardia- abnormally fast heart beat – above
100 BPM
• Bradycardia – slow heart beat – below 60 BPM
• Murmur – abnormal heart sound due to incomplete
closure of heart valves
• Idiopathic cardiomyopathy – enlarged heart
• Congenital defects – defect present at birth
• Stenosis – narrowing of an opening
• Myocardial infarction – heart attack
• Angina pectoris – pain in the chest
• Hypertension – high blood pressure (140/90)
•
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Arrhythmias – abnormal heart rhythms
Atherosclerosis – a build-up of plaque in the arteries
Arteriosclerosis – hardening of the arteries
Coronary bypass – surgery using a vein from the leg or
artery from the chest to correct blocked coronary
arteries
Thrombus – blood clot
Embolus – moving blood clot
Ischemia – lack of blood flow and oxygen to heart
Aneurysm – a permanent weakness in an artery
Angioplasty – a catheter is inserted into an artery in the
leg or arm and fed into a coronary artery
Cardiac output – the amount of blood the heart pumps
each minute