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Latin 1 Grammar CARDS, page 1 How to make cards: all the information is given to you. Simply copy down the information in the simulated cards below onto your real index cards. The act of writing out the info should encourage comprehension of that info, or at the very least you have made study cards for tests and midterms and finals. Eugepae! Note below that the info on the cards below is given horizontally, the left box = the front of the card, while the right box = the back of the card. An Example: [Front Side of Card A] [Back side of Card A] o Who was the 1st Roman emperor? Augustus Caesar Ch. # A. Parts of Speech Noun Ch. 1 pronoun Adjective Ch. 1/ Ch. 6 Verb Ch. 1 adverb Preposition Ch. 9 1. a word that is a person, place, thing or idea [EXAMPLES: fireman, school, window, peace] 2. nouns have special endings in Latin divided into “declensions” 1. a word that replaces a person or thing [EXAMPLES: I, you, he, she, it, we, they, him, her, us, them, etc.] 2. special endings in Latin 1. a word that describes/modifies a noun in terms of quality or quantity [EXAMPLES: tall, funny, new, loud, scary, many, few, 2, 11th, several] 2. adjectives use same Latin endings as nouns (declensions), with few exceptions 1. an action word [run, swim, laugh, be] 2. verbs have special endings in Latin, divided into “conjugations” 1. a word that describes an adjective or verb. Usually they end in –ly in English [loudly, quickly, fast, slowly, then, often, seldom, also, together] 2. Often used to show how or in what manner an action is done 1. a word that usually indicates direction or location [in, into, out of, from, with, through, near, to, toward] 2. In English and Latin, we have prepositional phrases [in the pool, out of the garden] 1 Latin 1 Grammar CARDS, page 2 conjunction interjection article Ch. 1 B. Noun (and adjective) terms and endings Gender Ch. 6 Subject Ch. 2 Complement Ch. 2 Direct object Ch. 4 Object of Motion Towards (prepositional phrases) 1. connecting words [and, but, when, after, while, although, if] 1. words that are used in exclamations to indicate emotion [Yippee! Hurray! Alas! Woops! Uh-oh!] 1. words like “the” (definite article) or “a” / “an” (indefinite article) 2. Latin does NOT have articles Nouns can be feminine (F), masculine (M), or neuter (N). When learning the vocabulary for a noun, also learn its gender. 1. The noun that performs the action of the verb: Ryan breaks the window. (Ryan is the subject) 2. Nominative Case endings [Singular: -a, -us, -er, -or, -x / Plural:-ae, -ī, -ēs] 1. The noun or adjective linked to the subject with est/sunt (linking verb): a. Ryan is a Phillie. (Phillie is the noun complement) b. The Phillies are happy. (happy is the adjective complement)) 1. The noun that receives the action of the verb: Ryan breaks the window. (window is the direct object) 2. Accusative Case endings [-am, -um, em / -ās, -ōs, -ēs] 1. The noun in a prepositional phrase after an idea of motion towards [into the woods, through the window, to the door] Direct Address (Vocative Case) 2. this object uses same endings as direct object (accusative) [-am, -um, -em / Ch. 4 ās, -ōs, -ēs] 1. When you call out to a noun, almost always a person, and address them by name: “Hey, Marcus, what are you doing?” Marcus, is being addressed by name. 2. The ending for direct address (vocative case) always equals the subject ending, except –us subject becomes an –e, and –ius subject becomes an –ī: Marcus --> Marce; Julius--> Ch. 4 and 8 Juli 2 Latin 1 Grammar CARDS, page 3 Number Singular or PLURAL o # applies to nouns, adjectives & verbs o Singular = one (person) o Plural = 2 or more 1. a system or pattern of noun (and adjective) endings 2. there are 5 declensions in Latin 3. a noun belongs to one (and only one) declension 1. mostly feminine nouns whose subject ends in –a [examples: aqua, puella, ancilla, piscīna, epistula, vīlla] 1. masculine nouns a. –us type [servus, hortus, lupus, Marcus] b. –er type [puer, ager, caper, etc.] c. –ir type [vir] 2. neuter nouns [saxum, baculum] -all three genders: 1. feminine nouns [mater, arbor, vox, pax] 2. masculine nouns [pater, clamor, fragor] 3. neuter nouns [iter, onus, corpus, caput] o if there is an adjective describing a 3rd declension noun, that may help identifying the gender of a 3rd decl. noun: [magna vox --> magna is F, so vox is a feminine noun] – see page 43. o feminine o singular o subject (nominative) o 1st Declension Ch. 3 Declension Ch. 7 1st Declension (Card 1) Ch. 7 2nd Declension (Card 1) Ch. 7 3rd Declension (Card 1) Ch. 7 -a (1st declension) [aqua, puella, ancilla, piscīna, epistula, vīlla] Ch. 1 -am o o [aquam, puellam, ancillam, piscīnam, o epistulam, vīllam] Ch. 4 o -ae o o [aquae, puellae, ancillae, piscīnae, epistulae, o vīllae] Ch. 3 o -ās o o [aquās, puellās, ancillās, piscīnās, epistulās, o vīllās] Ch. 7 o -us o feminine singular direct object/motion towards (accusative) 1st Declension feminine PLURAL subject (nominative) 1st Declension feminine PLURAL direct object/motion towards (accusative) 1st Declension masculine 3 Latin 1 Grammar CARDS, page 4 [servus, lupus, Marcus, hortus] Ch. 3 -er [puer, ager] Ch. 3 -ir [vir] Ch. 3 -um [servum, lupum, puerum, agrum] Ch. 4 -ī [servī, puerī, agrī, lupī] Ch. 3 -ōs [servōs, puerōs, agrōs, lupōs] Ch. 7 -em [vocem, clamorem, matrem, patrem] Ch. 4 -ēs [vocēs, clamorēs, matrēs, patrēs] o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o Ch. 7 o What is the sound added to the first word of the sentence to turn it into a question? Word Order in Latin singular subject (nominative) 2nd Declension masculine singular subject (nominative) 2nd Declension masculine singular subject (nominative) 2nd Declension masculine singular direct object/motion towards (accusative) 2nd Declension masculine PLURAL subject (nominative) 2nd Declension masculine PLURAL direct object/motion towards (accusative) 2nd Declension either feminine or masculine singular direct object/motion towards (accusative) 3rd Declension either feminine or masculine PLURAL (1) subject; (2) direct object/motion towards [context will help with use] 3rd Declension -ne Puellaene veniunt? = Are the girls coming? Estne canis aut lupus? = Is this a dog or a Ch. 3 wolf? o Because of the various endings Latin words can be positioned in different places in a sentence. o Whatever is 1st or last in the sentence is emphasized. o Verbs most often are placed at the end of 4 Latin 1 Grammar CARDS, page 5 the sentence. C. VERB terms and endings: Transitive verbs A verb which has a direct object Ch. 4 Intransitive Verbs Ch. 4 Linking Verbs Ch. 2 Helping verbs Impersonal verbs Ch. 6 Conjugations Ch. 10 Infinitive Ch. 5 & p. 57 & Ch. 10 Complementary Infinitive 1. A verb which does not have a direct object; often has a prepositional phrase instead 2. Verbs of motion (run, swim, walk, fall) are used intransitively in Latin 1. the verb “to be” (is, are, am, was, were, will be, etc.) 2. The verb “to be” links a subject to its complement: Augustus is the 1st emperor. (“is” links “Augustus” to “emperor”) 3. Note there is no action! 1. verbs in English, NOT LATIN that “help” or accompany the main verb, as in “is” in “is walking”, or “are” in “are speaking”, or “am” in “am living”, or “was” in “was driving,” etc. 2. DO NOT USE HELPING VERBS IN LATIN. THE IDEA IS CONVEYED BY THE ENDINGS. 1. These verbs are called “impersonal” because they never have a real person as the subject, and must be translated with “it” [necesse est = it is necessary; lucet = it is shining; licet = it is permitted] 2. These verbs often have a complementary infinitive 1. There are 4 types of regular verbs divided into conjugations 2. All verbs use the same pattern of personal endings; only the vowel will differ between conjugations 1. the most basic part of a verb from which we can identify: a. the conjugation number of a verb (Ch. 10) b. the base or stem of a verb (page 57) 2. Ending is –re [amāre, vidēre, currere, dormīre] and is translated by “to” in English. 1. The infinitive which “completes” or finishes the verbal idea of certain main verbs: potest, timet, vult, parat. 5 Latin 1 Grammar CARDS, page 6 Ch. 5 Command (Imperative) Ch. 10 Person (Personal Endings) Ch. 8 Number Ch. 3 -ō Ch. 5 & 8 -s Ch. 5 & 8 -t Ch. 2 -mus Ch. 8 -tis Ch. 8 -nt Ch. 2 -re Ch. 7 drop off the –re Ch. 10 -te 2. We use the same construction in English: The girl wants to climb the tree. --> to climb completes the idea of what the girls wants. These are verbal command or orders [Run!, Write! Call me!, Wash your hands!] The person performing the verb as indicated by the ending: 1st Person: “I” (sing.) / “we” (plural) 2nd Person: “you” (sing.) / “you”, “y’all” (pl.) 3rd Person: “he”, “she”, “it” (sing.)/ “they” (pl.) Singular or PLURAL o # applies to nouns, adjectives & verbs o Singular = one (person) o Plural = 2 or more Translation: “I” Person: 1st Number: Singular Translation: “you” Person: 2nd Number: Singular Translation: “he”, “she”, “it” Person: 3rd Number: Singular Translation: “we” Person: 1st Number: PLURAL Translation: “you”, “y’all” Person: 2nd Number: PLURAL Translation: “they” Person: 3rd Number: PLURAL Translation: “to (verb)” Person: none Number: none [vocāre = to call, vidēre = to see, currere = to run, dormīre = to sleep] Singular Commands (Imperative) to one person - drop off the –re ending from the infinitve [vocā = call (!), vidē = see (!), curre = run (!), dormī = sleep (!)] Plural Commands (Imperative) to two or more people 6 Latin 1 Grammar CARDS, page 7 [vocāte = call (!), vidēte = see (!), currite = run Ch. 10 (!), dormīte = sleep (!)] Tense 1. the “time” of the action (essentially present, past and future) 2. There are 6 tenses in Latin: present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, and Ch. 10 future perfect Present Tense Tense for actions occurring now or currently Ch. 10 What are the 3 ways to translate a verb in the 1. There are 3 ways to translate the Latin present tense? present into English: ambulant = (1) they walk, (2) they are Example: ambulant walking, (3) they do walk Ch. 1 2. Note: in the “they are walking” translation, it is incorrect to use “sunt” because helping verbs are not expressed in Latin 1st Conjugation (Present Tense Pattern) Infinitive: -āre Ch. 8 1st Person Plural: -āmus 2nd Person Plural: -ātis 3rd Person Plural: -ant Imperative Plural: -āte 2nd Conjugation (Present Tense Pattern) 1st Person Singular: -ō 2nd Person Singular: -ās 3rd Person Singular: -at Imperative Singular: -ā Infinitive: -ēre Ch. 10 1st Person Singular: -eō 2nd Person Singular: -ēs 3rd Person Singular: -et Imperative Singular: -ē Infinitive: -ere 1st Person Plural: -ēmus 2nd Person Plural: -ētis 3rd Person Plural: -ent Imperative Plural: -ēte 3rd Conjugation (Present Tense Pattern) Ch. 10 3rd–iō Conjugation (Present Tense Pattern) Ch. 10 4 Conjugation (Present Tense Pattern) th Ch. 10 Conjugation of the irregular verb, sum, esse = “to be” (Present Tense Pattern) 1st Person Singular: -ō 1st Person Plural: -imus nd 2 Person Singular: -is 2nd Person Plural: -itis 3rd Person Singular: -it 3rd Person Plural: -unt Imperative Singular: -e Imperative Plural: -ite Infinitive: -ere (1st part of verb is –iō: example, capiō, capere) 1st Person Singular: -iō* 1st Person Plural: -imus 2nd Person Singular: -is 2nd Person Plural: -itis 3rd Person Singular: -it 3rd Person Plural: -iunt* Imperative Sing.: -e* Imperative Plural: -ite Infinitive: -īre 1st Person Singular: -iō 2nd Person Singular: -īs 3rd Person Singular: -it Imperative Singular: -ī Infinitive: esse = to be 1st Person Plural: -īmus 2nd Person Plural: -ītis 3rd Person Plural: -iunt Imperative Plural: -īte 1st Per Sing: sum = I am 2nd P. Sing: es = you are 3rd P Sing: est= he/she/it is, there is 1st P Pl: sumus = we are 2nd P Pl: estis = you are 3rd P Pl: sunt = they are 7 Latin 1 Grammar CARDS, page 8 Ch. 8 Imperative Singular: es What are the four irregular commands? Ch. 10 Imperative Plural: este 1. from dīcō, dīcere: dīc! / dīcite! = say! 2. from dūcō, dūcere: dūc! / dūcite! = lead, bring! 3. from faciō, facere: fac! / facite! = make, do! 4. from ferō, ferre: fer! / ferte! = bring, carry! NEW CARDS as of January, 2008 Vocative Case (card 2) o o For nouns when you address them by name Examples in italics: (1) “Hey Paul, where is Ringo?” “Fifi, lie down and take a nap” o The Vocative ending is the same as the nominative ending except for 2nd declension singular--> so –us in the nominative becomes – e in the vocative [servus--> serve]; and –ius in the nominative becomes –ī in the vocative [fīlius --> fīlī] Ch. 8 Vocative Case (card 3) Ch. 8 The Endings of the Vocative Case (card 4) Vs. the nominative case endings Nominative Singular Vocative Singular Nominative Plural Vocative Singular 1st Declension 2nd Declension 3rd Declension -a us (er) varies -a e -ae -ī = nom. sing. -ēs -ae -ī -ēs (er) Ch. 8 o Prepositional Phrases o o Ch. 9 Ablative translations: “with, by, from, in” o Latin prepositions take either the accusative case or the ablative case. Accusative usually shows motion towards Ablative has about a dozen uses, and each must be learned as we encounter them When no preposition helps you translate a noun in the ablative case, try the following options: o “with, by, from, in” Ch. 9, Abl. Prepositions that take the Accusative ad = to, towards; at, near in (+ acc) = into, onto per = through trans = across 8 Latin 1 Grammar CARDS, page 9 prope = near circum = around (sub, rarely, when it shows motion towards and Ch. 9 under) Prepositions that take the Ablative in (+ abl.) = in, on sub = under cum = with ex (ē) = out of, from ab (ā) = away from; by (a person) Ch. 9, Abl. dē = down from, down o ex vs. ē o & When the next word begins with a consonant, ex becomes ē...Observe: ex aquā, but ē cubiculō Likewise, ab becomes ā, when the next word begins with a consonant: ab aquā, but ā cubiculō ab vs. ā Ch. 9, Abl. o cum + personal pronouns Ch. 9, Abl. some personal pronouns are attached to the fron of cum. Observe: mēcum = with me nōbīscum = with us tēcum = with you vōbīscum = with you (pl.), with y’all o Motion Away From or Place From Which o Ch. 9, Abl. o Place Where o o o Ch. 9, Abl. o Accompaniment = “with” o o The noun that indicates location is put into the ablative case – this use is called Place Where Prepositions are in & sub : in aquā natāmus = We are swimming in the water. sub arbore dormīmus = We are sleeping under a tree. Accompaniment means someone or something is “with” the subject The preposition is cum + ablative Cum amīcīs ambulāmus. = “We are walking with friends.” Ch. 9, Abl. What’s in Ch. 10? Ideas of Motion Away (Place From Which) are Ablative These prepositions of Place From Which are always followed by a noun in the Ablative ex (ē) = out of, from ab (ā) = away from; by (a person) dē = down from, down o Accusative + Infinitive: Complementary Infinitive 9 Latin 1 Grammar CARDS, page 10 o o o o Ch. 10 o The 4 Verb Conjugations The Present Tense The Present Imperative The 4 irregular imperatives Negative Commands Complementary Infinitive 1. The infinitive which “completes” or finishes the verbal idea of certain main verbs: potest, timet, vult, parat, iubet, docet. 2. We use the same construction in English: The girl wants to climb the tree. --> to climb Ch. 10 & Ch. 5 completes the idea of what the girls wants. o Accusative + Infinitive o o Ch. 10 o Verb Conjugations o Ch. 10 1st Conjugation (Present Tense Pattern) Some verbs are followed by the accusative + infinitive: iubeo: Davus iubet servōs labōrāre = Davus orders the slaves to work. doceō: Mater docet fīliam culinam purgāre. = The mother teaches her daughter (how) to clean the kitchen. Most verbs belong to one of 4 groups or conjugations You can identify the conjugation of a verb by looking at its infinitive Infinitive: -āre 1st Person Singular: -ō 2nd Person Singular: -ās 3rd Person Singular: -at Imperative Singular: -ā “-āre type” 1st Person Plural: -āmus 2nd Person Plural: -ātis 3rd Person Plural: -ant Imperative Plural: -āte Ch. 10 2 Conjugation (Present Tense Pattern) nd “-ēre type” --- “the strong e” Ch. 10 3 Conjugation (Present Tense Pattern) rd Infinitive: -ēre 1st Person Singular: -eō 2nd Person Singular: -ēs 3rd Person Singular: -et Imperative Singular: -ē Infinitive: -ere 1st Person Singular: -ō “-ere type” --- “the weak e” --> usually 2nd Person Singular: -is 3rd Person Singular: -it changes to an “i” Ch. 10 Imperative Singular: -e 3rd–iō Conjugation (Present Tense Pattern) “-ere type” --- “the weak e” --> usually changes to an “i” 1st Person Plural: -ēmus 2nd Person Plural: -ētis 3rd Person Plural: -ent Imperative Plural: -ēte 1st Person Plural: -imus 2nd Person Plural: -itis 3rd Person Plural: -unt Imperative Plural: -ite Infinitive: -ere (1st part of verb is –iō: example, capiō, capere) 1st Person Singular: -iō* 1st Person Plural: -imus nd 2 Person Singular: -is 2nd Person Plural: -itis rd 3 Person Singular: -it 3rd Person Plural: -iunt* 10 Latin 1 Grammar CARDS, page 11 Ch. 10 Imperative Sing.: -e* Imperative Plural: -ite Infinitive: -īre 4th Conjugation (Present Tense Pattern) 1st Person Singular: -iō 2nd Person Singular: -īs 3rd Person Singular: -it Imperative Singular: -ī “-īre type” Ch. 10 1st Person Plural: -īmus 2nd Person Plural: -ītis 3rd Person Plural: -iunt Imperative Plural: -īte Infinitive: esse = to be Conjugation of the irregular verb, sum, esse = “to be” (Present Tense Pattern) 1st Per Sing: sum = I am 2nd P. Sing: es = you are 3rd P Sing: est= he/she/it is, there is Imperative Singular: es Ch. 8 1st P Pl: sumus = we are 2nd P Pl: estis = you are 3rd P Pl: sunt = they are Imperative Plural: este 1. from dīcō, dīcere: dīc! / dīcite! = say! 2. from dūcō, dūcere: dūc! / dūcite! = lead, bring! 3. from faciō, facere: fac! / facite! = make, do! 4. from ferō, ferre: fer! / ferte! = bring, carry! What are the four irregular commands? Ch. 10 Present Tense Tense for actions occurring now or currently, or simple statements of fact Ch. 10 What are the 3 ways to translate a verb in the present tense? 1. There are 3 ways to translate the Latin present into English: ambulant = (1) they walk, (2) they are walking, (3) they do walk Example: ambulant 2. Note: in the “they are walking” translation, it is incorrect to use “sunt” because helping verbs are not expressed in Latin Ch. 10 o The imperative (card 1) o o The imperative is a command: Walk! = Ambulā/ Ambulāte The singular imperative is formed by dropping the –re from the infinitive (this is also the stem) The plural imperative ending is –te Ch. 10, page 74 The imperative (card 2) -endings per conjugation Ch. 10, page 74 1st Conj. Infinitive -āre Imperative -ā Singular Imperative -āte Plural Negative Commands o How do you say “Don’t run!” o o o 2nd Conj. -ēre -ē 3rd Conj. -ere -e 3rd-io Conj. -ere -e 4th Conj. -īre -ī -ēte -ite -ite -īte For a negative command, use nōlī (singular) / nōlīte (plural) + the infinitve: Nōlī currere = Don’t run! (to 1 person) Nōlīte currere = Don’t run! (to 2+ persons) Nōlī rīdēre = Don’t laugh! (singular) 11 Latin 1 Grammar CARDS, page 12 Ch. 10, page 74 o o o o What is in Ch. 11? o o Ch. 11 o o The Genitive Case o o Ch. 11 Nōlīte rīdēre = Don’t run! (plural) The Genitive Case (Function + Endings) The Dative Case (Function + Endings) The complete chart of endings for the first 3 declensions Vocabulary lists / dictionary entries Family Tree Genitive Singular vs. Nominative Plural (p. 84) The function of the genitive case is to show possession or for one noun to modify another noun (“of”) The owner or “possessor” goes into the genitive case In English, translate the genitive with “of” or “-’s” or in the plural “-s’”: of the girl, the girl’s, or plural: of the girls, the girls’ The Genitive Case: the endings Recite the first 3 declensions out loud! Ch. 11 2 reasons why the genitive singular is always given in a dictionary entry for a noun Gen. Sing. Gen. Plural o o Ch. 11 Genitive with plēnus, a, um 2nd Decl. -ī 3rd Decl. -is 4th Decl. -ūs 5th Decl. -ēī -ārum -ōrum -um -uum -ērum 1. Stem or base of a noun is found by dropping of the genitive singular ending of the noun. The other case endings are then added to this base. 2. Declension # can be identified by knowing the genitive singular: every 1st decl. noun ends in –ae in the gen. sing; every 2nd decl. noun ends in –ī in the gen. sing; every 3rd decl. noun ends in –is in the gen. sing; etc. o The genitive is used with ideas of filling: Hortus est plēnus flōrum et arborum = The garden Ch. 11 is full of flowers and trees. o The Dative Case (card 1) o o Ch. 11 The Dative Case (card 2) 1st Decl. -ae o Function of the dative case: the endings for the indirect object The indirect object is the noun, usually a person, that receives the direct object of a verb of giving, showing, telling or trusting In English, translate the dative sometimes with “to” and sometimes with “for” Note the 2 possible translations Dominus pecuniam Davō donat. = (1) The master 12 Latin 1 Grammar CARDS, page 13 gives the money to Davus, or (2) The master gives Davus the money. o Davus is dative b/c he is the person receiving Ch. 11 the money The Dative Case (card 3) – the endings Recite the first 3 declensions out loud! Ch. 11 The Dative Case (4) Dat. Sing. Dat. Plural 1st Decl. -ae 2nd Decl. -ō 3rd Decl. -ī 4th Decl. -uī 5th Decl. -ēī -īs -īs -ibus -ibus -ēbus o Sometimes, the idea of “to” of “for” a person is needed with certain verbs: Necesse est Cornēliae et Marcō ex hortō discēdere = It is necessary for Cornelia and Marcus to leave the Ch. 11 garden. o We have seen 3 different uses of “to” in English Careful of the word “to” in English! with quite different ideas in Latin 1. The Infinitive: the ending –re on a verb should be translated as “to”: vidēre = to see 2. Motion Towards: The preposition ad usually means “to”, but always with the idea of motion towards & in + the accusative = “into” 3. Dative Case: one of the special translations of the Ch. 11 Dative case is “to” [no Latin preposition!] The most common Functions of all Latin Cases Ch. 11 Special Translations for each Latin case Ch. 11 CASE Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Basic FUNCTION(S) 1. Subject, 2. Complement Possession Indirect Object 1. Direct Object, 2. Motion Towards Ablative 1. Place From Which (Motion Away From), 2. Place Where, 3. Accompaniment Vocative Direct Address CASE Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Vocative Special Translations ---------of, ’s, s’ (to/for) --------with, from, by, in (WFBI) --------- / [O...!, Hey...!] 13 Latin 1 Grammar CARDS, page 14 The Complete patterns of noun declensions for the 1st 3 declensions SINGULAR 1st Declension Nominative -a 3rd Declension -us/-ius/ varies -er/-ir [SINGULAR ONLY] Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Vocative -ae -ae -am -ā -a -ī -ō -um -ō -e/-ī/ -er/-ir -is -ī -em -e PLURAL 1st Declension 2nd Declension 3rd Declension Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Vocative -ae -ārum -īs -ās -īs -ae -ī -ōrum - īs -ōs - īs -ī -ēs -um -ibus -ēs -ibus -ēs Ch. 11 The Complete patterns of noun declensions for the 1st 3 declensions [PLURAL ONLY] Ch. 11 Sample 1st Declension Noun Singular SINGULAR 2nd Declension = nominative singular Sample 1st Declension Noun Plural LATIN English PLURAL Nominative rānae the frogs (1) of the frogs, (2) the Genitive rānārum LATIN ENGLISH Nominative rāna Genitive rānae the frog Dative rānae rānam rānā Dative Accusative Ablative rānīs rānās rānīs (to/for) the frogs the frogs Accusative Ablative (to/for) the frog the frog with/from/by/ in the frog Vocative rānae (Hey) frogs (!) Vocative rāna (1) of the frog, (2) the frog’s with/from/by/ in the frogs (Hey) frog (!) Ch. 11 Sample 2nd Declension Noun Singular SINGULAR frogs’ Sample 2nd Declension Noun Plural LATIN English PLURAL Nominative lupī the wolves (1) of the wolves, (2) the Genitive lupōrum LATIN ENGLISH Nominative lupus Genitive lupī the wolf Dative lupō lupum lupō Dative Accusative Ablative lupīs lupōs lupīs (to/for) the wolves the wolves Accusative Ablative (to/for) the wolf the wolf Vocative lupī (Hey) wolves (!) Vocative lupe with/from/by/ in the wolf (Hey) wolf (!) (1) of the wolf, (2) the wolf’s wolves’ with/from/by/ in the wolves Ch. 11 Sample 2nd Declension Noun Singular SINGULAR LATIN ENGLISH Sample 2nd Declension Noun Plural LATIN English PLURAL 14 Latin 1 Grammar CARDS, page 15 Nominative ager Genitive agrī the field Dative agrō Accusative Ablative agrum agrō Vocative ager Nominative agrī Genitive agrōrum the fields (to/for) the field the field Dative Accusative Ablative agrīs agrōs agrīs (to/for) the fields the fields with/from/by/ in the field (Hey) field (!) Vocative agrī (Hey) fields (!) (1) of the field, (2) the field’s (1) of the fields, (2) the fields’ with/from/by/ in the fields Ch. 11 Sample 3 Declension Noun Singular rd SINGULAR LATIN Nominative nox Genitive noctis Dative Accusative Ablative Vocative ENGLISH the night (1) of the night, (2) the night’s noctī (to/for) the night noctem the night with/from/by/ nocte nox in the night (O) night (!) Sample 3rd Declension Noun Plural LATIN English PLURAL Nominative noctēs the nights (1) of the nights, (2) the Genitive noctum nights’ Dative Accusative Ablative noctibus noctēs noctibus (to/for) the nights the nights Vocative noctēs (Hey) nights (!) with/from/by/ in the nights Ch. 11 o Genitive Singular vs. Nominative Plural o Ch. 11, page 84 o o What is in Chapter 12? Ch. 12 In the 1st and 2nd declensions, the endings of the genitive singular are the same as the endings of the nominative plural! If unsure, try translating both ways to see what sounds better. Context should tell you how to translate it More uses of the Ablative: 1. Ablative of Time When (at, on, in) 2. Ablative of Time Within Which (within, in) 3. Ablative of Means/Instrument (with, by) 4. Ablative of Manner (with, in, by) The Ablative Case – review of endings Recite the first 3 declensions out loud! Ch. 11 Review of how to translate a noun in the ablative case: Abl. Sing. Abl. Plural o 1st Decl. -ā 2nd Decl. -ō 3rd Decl. -e 4th Decl. -ū 5th Decl. -ē -īs -īs -ibus -ibus -ēbus Try WFBI = with / from / by / in 15 Latin 1 Grammar CARDS, page 16 Ch. 12 Which Ablatives did we learn before Ch. 12? 1. Ablative of Place From Which/Motion Away From (ex, ab, de) 2. Ablative of Place Where (in, sub) 3. Accompaniment (cum) Ch. 12 o Ablative of Time When o o Ch. 12 o o Ablative of Time Within Which o o Ch. 12 o The Ablative of Means o Ablative of Means vs. Accompaniment o When you want to say exactly when something happens, put the Latin word for the time (night, month, hour, year, etc.) in the ablative case without a preposition. Examples: Nocte = at night; tertiō diē = on the 3rd day; decimā horā = at the 10th hour; aestate = in summer; diē Veneris = on Friday Never a preposition in Latin, but you must supply “at” or “on” or “in” in English This is usually singular When you want to say that something happens within a space of time, put the Latin word for the time (night, month, hour, year, etc.) in the ablative case without a preposition. Examples: Nocte = during the night; tribus diēbus = in 3 days; decem horīs = (with)in 10 hours; aestate = in summer; quinque annīs = (with)in 5 years Never a preposition in Latin, but you must supply “in” or “within” or “during” in English This is usually plural Whenever an action is done “with” or “by” or “by means of” a thing/instrument, that Also called the Ablative of Instrument thing/instrument is put into the ablative WITHOUT A LATIN PREPOSITION: o supply “with”, “by” or “by means of” in English baculō = with a stick; manibus = with their hands; Ch. 12 aquā = with water; rastrō = with a rake Careful with the word “with” o o The Ablative of Manner Ch. 12 He is walking with a stick. [This is ablative of means if he is walking only by means of the stick; it is accompaniment if the stick is merely being held] Accompaniment requires the Latin preposition cum Ablative of Manner is similar to means in that manner explains how something is done, but means involves a physical object, and manner involves an abstract idea: 16 Latin 1 Grammar CARDS, page 17 o o The “sandwich” position of cum in the Ablative of manner o Ch. 12 use the Latin preposition cum [it may drop out if an adjective describes the manner noun] cum celeritāte = with speed, cum studiō = with eagerness; summā cum laude = with the highest praise; magnā vōce = in a loud voice When an adjective describes the manner noun, either put cum in the middle or drop it out altogether: 1. cum studiō = with eagerness 2. magnō cum studiō = with great eagerness 3. magnō studiō = with great eagerness o Ablative of Manner--> Adverbs You can often translate ablative of manners as adverbs: 1. cum studiō = with eagerness = eagerly 2. magnō cum studiō = with great eagerness = very eagerly 3. magnā vōce = in a loud voice = loudly Ch. 12 o Ch. 12 17